Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen on Carbon Supported Pt and Pt/Ru Fuel Cell Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions

Yu, Eileen Hao; Scott, Keith; Reeve, Robert W.

doi:10.1002/fuce.200330129

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Many different materials such as palladium [102][103][104], ruthenium [105], gold [106][107][108], nickel [72], transition metal oxides [109] and sulfides [110], metal porphyrins and phthalocyanins [60,97,99,111,112], and perovskites [97] were studied as catalysts for the oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions. Although interesting results were obtained, the activity and/or stability of these materials can be regarded as insufficient for long-term operation under the severe conditions in hot concentrated alkaline solution.…”

Section: Activity and Durability Of Catalysts And Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

et al. 2008

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The historical development, current status and future prospects of chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes (ODCs) are summarized. Over the last decades, membrane chlor-alkali technology has been optimized to such an extent that no substantial reduction of the energy demand can be expected from further process modifications. However, replacement of the hydrogen evolving cathodes in the classical membrane cells by ODCs allows for reduction of the cell voltage and correspondingly the energy consumption of up to 30%. This replacement requires the development of appropriate cathode materials and novel electrolysis cell designs. Due to their superior long-term stability, ODCs based on silver catalysts are very promising for oxygen reduction in concentrated NaOH solutions. Finite-gap falling film cells appear to be the technically most mature design among the several ODC electrolysis cells that have been investigated.

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Section: Activity and Durability Of Catalysts And Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

et al. 2008

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“…These results indicate that the N-graphene electrode, The N-graphene electrode was further exposed to fuel molecules (e.g., methanol) and CO to test the possible crossover and poison effects. 38,39 We measured electrocatalytic selectivity of the N-graphene electrode against the electro-oxidation of various commonly used fuel molecules, including hydrogen gas, glucose, and methanol (Figure 4b). Also included in Figure 4b is the corresponding current density (j)Ϫtime (t) chronoamperometric response at a Pt/C electrode for comparison.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells

et al. 2010

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. ¶ These authors contributed equally.P latinum (Pt) nanoparticles have long been regarded as the best catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, though the Pt-based electrode still suffers from its susceptibility to timedependent drift and CO deactivation. 1Ϫ3 Furthermore, the high cost of the Pt catalysts, together with the limited reserves of Pt in nature, has been shown to be the major "showstopper" to mass market fuel cells for commercial applications. That is why the large-scale practical application of fuel cells has not been realized, though alkaline fuel cells with platinum as an ORR electrocatalyst were developed for the Apollo lunar mission in the 1960s. 4 Along with recent intensive research efforts in reducing or replacing Ptbased electrodes in fuel cells, 3,5Ϫ11 we have found that vertically aligned nitrogencontaining carbon nanotubes (VA-NCNTs) produced by pyrolysis of iron(II) phthalocyanine (a metal heterocyclic molecule containing nitrogen), 12 in either the presence or absence of additional NH 3 vapor, 3 could act as effective metal-free ORR electrocatalysts. The metal-free VA-NCNTs were shown to catalyze a four-electron ORR process free from CO "poisoning" with a 3-time higher electrocatalytic activity, smaller crossover effect, and better long-term operation stability than that of commercially available Pt-based electrodes (C2Ϫ20, 20% platinumonVulcanXC-72R; E-TEK) in alkaline electrolytes. 3 On the basis of the experimental observations and quantum mechanics calculations, we attributed the improved catalytic performance to the electronaccepting ability of the nitrogen atoms, which creates a net positive charge on adjacent carbon atoms in the nanotube carbon plane of VA-NCNTs to readily attract electrons from the anode for facilitating the ORR. 3 Uncovering this new ORR mechanism in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube electrodes is significant as the same principle could be applied to the development of various other metal-free efficient ORR catalysts for fuel cell applications.The recent discovery of graphene has opened up a new era of 2-dimensional (2D) fundamental science and potential technology. 13Ϫ15 As mother of all graphitic forms, graphene is a building block for carbon materials of all other dimensionalities, such as 0D buckyballs, 1D nanotubes, and 3D graphite. Having many similarities to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in structure and property, including its high aspect ratio (the ratio of lateral size to thickness), large surface, rich electronic states, and good mechanical properties, graphene is an attractive candidate for potential uses in many areas where the CNTs have been exploited. Superior to CNTs, the one atomic-thick graphene sheets with a 2D planar geometry will further facilitate electron transport, 16 and hence the more effective electrode materials.

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“…i and k i for the hydrogen evolution reaction (3) on Pt (Table 1) are taken from Bai [38] (see also [39,40]), estimated at 23 C. Equivalent values for Ni (Table 5) were taken from the work of Jaksic et al [37]. The exchange current density and transfer coefficient for oxygen reduction (Table 1) were taken from Yu et al [46], who measured the values for 60 C and 25 C. The reference concentration of oxygen was assumed to be equal to the inlet value, which was based on air at 1 bar and 25 C in the default case ( Table 2). …”

Section: Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical modelling of direct borohydride fuel cells

Shah

Singh

León

et al. 2013

Journal of Power Sources

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Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen on Carbon Supported Pt and Pt/Ru Fuel Cell Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions

Cited by 37 publications

References 39 publications

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects

Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells

Mathematical modelling of direct borohydride fuel cells

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