Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Graphene Functionalized with Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Healthcare Applications

Abstract

Graphene has attracted wide consideration in recent years to the assembly of sensitive sensors and biosensors due to its unique and remarkable physical and electrochemical properties. Moreover, graphene, as an essential two‐dimensional carbon material with remarkably high quartz and electronic superiority, has also received significant research attention. This review presents the different synthesis techniques of graphene; graphene functionalized based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various health care appellations. Further, were discussed on the basis of enhanced catalytic activity, improved detection limit in conjunction with sensitivity, and selectivity. Synergistic action of graphene and metal oxide nanostructure has contributed towards high activity as a biosensing material. The results with different sensors and biosensors for the detection of significant biomarkers such as protein sensor, electrochemical immune sensor, phytochrome sensor, cholesterol biosensor glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detection sensor etc., and highlighted the use of graphene and functionalized graphene in different sensing platforms. Finally, the challenges related to less aggregated graphene‐based electrochemical sensors and biosensors as well as future research directions are discussed.

Determination of Carmoisine onto Carbon‐Paste Electrode Modified by Silica Impregnated with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

“…When developing new voltammetric sensors, various modification methods can be used to increase the sensitivity of analyte determination. For example, you can use the electrochemical pretreated electrodes, carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and their oxides, as well as materials that increase the sorption of analyte on the surface of the electrode…”

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Ag/Ag2S Nanoparticles Enzymatically Grown In Situ and their Application to the Colorimetric Detection of Glucose Oxidase

“…Although recent works have reported better limits of detection for glucose like some electrochemical or colorimetric methods, they usually require sophisticated devices or protocols, long procedure times, expensive reagents or the previous synthesis of the materials to use. Moreover, as it can be seen in Table S1, the majority of the colorimetric methods are based on the change of color from a chemical substrate or due to a morphological change of nanoparticles .…”

“…This system was selected considering glucose importance in clinical for diabetes management. During the last decades, glucose biosensor technology including point‐of‐care devices, continuous glucose monitoring systems and noninvasive glucose monitoring systems have been significantly improved and great efforts have been made to achieve better accuracy, precision and sensibility by using different techniques (colorimetry, photoelectrochemistry, electrochemistry). Here we present an easy colorimetric method that could be integrated in a smartphone application for a rapid, easy and cos‐effective determination of the desired analyte.…”

The Mn‐zeolite/Graphite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode: Fabrication, Characterization and Analytical Applications

“…Based on the transduction mechanism used, optical, electrochemical and piezoelectric sensors can be distinguished. To improve their performance, modifying layers made from polysaccharide , conducting polymers , carbon nanomaterials , ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles , biological receptors , nanosilica and zeolites are introduced.…”