Electrochemically reduced water exerts superior reactive oxygen species scavenging activity in HT1080 cells than the equivalent level of hydrogen-dissolved water

Abstract

Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) is produced near a cathode during electrolysis and exhibits an alkaline pH, contains richly dissolved hydrogen, and contains a small amount of platinum nanoparticles. ERW has reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and recent studies demonstrated that hydrogen-dissolved water exhibits ROS-scavenging activity. Thus, the antioxidative capacity of ERW is postulated to be dependent on the presence of hydrogen levels; however, there is no report verifying the role of dissolved hydrogen in ERW. In this report, we clarify whether the responsive factor for antioxidative activity in ERW is dissolved hydrogen. The intracellular ROS scavenging activity of ERW and hydrogen-dissolved water was tested by both fluorescent stain method and immuno spin trapping assay. We confirm that ERW possessed electrolysis intensity-dependent intracellular ROS-scavenging activity, and ERW exerts significantly superior ROS-scavenging activity in HT1080 cells than the equivalent level of hydrogen-dissolved water. ERW retained its ROS-scavenging activity after removal of dissolved hydrogen, but lost its activity when autoclaved. An oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and chemiluminescence assay could not detect radical-scavenging activity in both ERW and hydrogen-dissolved water. These results indicate that ERW contains electrolysis-dependent hydrogen and an additional antioxidative factor predicted to be platinum nanoparticles.

Electrochemically Reduced Water Delays Mammary Tumors Growth in Mice and Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells Survival In Vitro

“…ERW has shown to possess (1) suppressive effects against oxidative stress, granting DNA protection [ 4 , 9 ]; (2) carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage reduction [ 38 ]; (3) alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes modulation [ 4 , 39 ]; (4) hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress reduction during end-stage renal disease [ 40 , 41 ]; (5) nephroprotective effects on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in mice [ 42 ]; and (6) suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation [ 43 ]. Furthermore, Pt nanoparticles produced by electrode plates during electrolysis and visualized by transmission electron microscopy [ 1 ] can play an additional role in the ROS-scavenging activity of ERW [ 8 ].…”

“…Another factor that could enhance the antioxidant effect of the ERW water is the presence of Pt nanoparticles produced by the electrolysis process in platinum-plated instruments. Pt nanoparticles have demonstrated to scavenge O 2 − , OH • , and H 2 O 2 [ 6 , 7 ], reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress in cell cultures [ 8 ]. In addition, platinum nanoparticles catalyze the process of converting the atomic hydrogen molecule to active atomic hydrogen [ 1 ].…”

Antibacterial, in Vitro Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Activities of Electrolyzed Oxidizing/Reducing Water

“…A DPPH method could not detect radical-scavenging activity in electrolyzed water sensitively [23]. The intracellular ROS scavenging activity method (fluorescent stain method and immuno-spin trapping assay) and electrochemical techniques seem to be able to observe the activity specifically [23,24].…”

“…According to observed experimental data in term of 50% efficient concentration (EC 50 ), unfortunately, we cannot categorize an antioxidant capacity of electrolyzed water regarding Blois's category [22]. A DPPH method could not detect radical-scavenging activity in electrolyzed water sensitively [23]. The intracellular ROS scavenging activity method (fluorescent stain method and immuno-spin trapping assay) and electrochemical techniques seem to be able to observe the activity specifically [23,24].…”

Photobiomodulation in Light of Our Biological Clock's Inner Workings

“…Such charges may later fuel intracellular electron (OH -) transfer and proton (H + ) movement in the bulk's aqueous flow for cell signaling. 24,27 Thus, light-water interactions may represent a novel pathway for the coupling of PRs by external energy transfer in a highly efficient multi-fractal regime. 23,28 This article seeks to revisit and highlight the growing relevance of the seemingly simple, but powerful, idea that repetitive low-energy forces of certain parameters can profoundly affect human physiology in light of last year's Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology and other major advances.…”