Electrodeposition of indium from non-aqueous electrolytes

Abstract

Indium(iii) is electrodeposited from organic electrolytes, in which indium(i) occurs as an intermediate species, and disproportionates to indium(iii) and indium(0) in the form of nanoparticles.

Bathless Inorganic Composite Nickel Plating: Dry‐Cell Stamping of Large Hygroscopic Phosphor Crystals

“…However, the particle sizes all remain small (<5 µm), reagents must be dried and the plating bath must be held at high temperatures of 130 °C. In addition, as we have also observed under these conditions, the formation of a black material containing reduced metal nanoparticles is possible (Figure B,C) . All of these current methods rely on a liquid bath where objects must be submerged; however, by removing the bath, the electrolyte salt mixture plates around the trapped phosphor particles with a higher probability of incorporation, leading to higher surface loadings and the option to use larger particles (Figure D).…”

“…In addition, as we have also observed under these conditions, the formation of a black material containing reduced metal nanoparticles is possible ( Figure 1B,C). [23] All of these current methods rely on a liquid bath where objects must be submerged; however, by removing the bath, the electrolyte salt mixture plates around the trapped phosphor particles with a higher probability of incorporation, leading to higher surface loadings and the option to use larger particles ( Figure 1D). In addition, with exception to a recent article using plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminum, [24] reports of electrochemical deposition of metal matrix/phosphor composites to date have been limited to large bandgap phosphors that require short wave (200-350 nm) excitation wavelengths.…”

Indium electrodeposition from indium(iii) methanesulfonate in DMSO

“…While indium(I) has been identified in a number of studies, the existence of indium(II) has not been reported. 11,16,18,19 Therefore, this species was not considered in our study. Because of the presence of a nucleation loop in the red CV in Fig.…”

“…Ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents (DES) and several organic electrolytes are more promising alternatives, as they have high (electro)chemical and thermal stabilities, but operate at lower temperatures. 11,[14][15][16][17][18][19] They support metal deposition in a broad potential and temperature range. However, ionic liquids and DES often have high viscosities, which hampers ion transport towards the electrode, lowering achievable current densities and thus deposition rates.…”

“…In a previous study, we described indium electrodeposition at room temperature and at 160 1C from the organic solvents 1,2-dimethoxyethane and poly(ethylene) glycol, respectively, using a mixture of indium(III) chloride and indium(III) bistriflimide as indium source. 19 The latter salt was synthesized by reaction between indium(III) oxide and bistriflimidic acid (Tf 2 NH). From a recycling perspective, conversion of indium(III) oxide, or indium(III) hydroxide, to a compound that can be electrochemically reduced in solution to pure indium metal is interesting, as the oxide and hydroxide are intermediates formed during the purification of indium from primary and secondary resources.…”