Electrolytic Formation of Crystalline Silicon/Germanium Alloy Nanotubes and Hollow Particles with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Xiao, Wei; Zhou, Jing; Yu, Le; Wang, Dihua; Lou, Xiong Wen David

doi:10.1002/anie.201602653

Cited by 162 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Reproduced with permission. [26] With the advantage of the resultant hollow structure to absorb the volume expansion after lithiation, the obtained alloy showed enhanced electrochemical performance compared with the reference samples of bare germanium and silicon. b) Schematic illustration of porous germanium obtained via magnesiothermic reduction from GeO 2 , and SEM images of the sample.…”

Section: Forming Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the alloy components are all electrochemically active, which can reduce the irreversible capacity and avoid overall capacity loss. [6,18,[25][26][27]53,[55][56][57] Kim et al proposed a facile thermal annealing treatment in a hydrogen environment to prepare Ge/Si nanowire alloy by manipulating the atomic arrangement, which enabled fine tuning of the lithium-ion diffusion and thereby fine control of overpotential (Figure 4a). [53,54] Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to fabricating Ge/Si and Ge/Sn alloys and investigating their electrochemical performance.…”

Section: Forming Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To alleviate or eliminate the adverse influence of these problems, some strategies have been applied to optimize the electrochemical properties, including structural modification, [11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] modification by surface coating, [21][22][23][24] forming germaniumbased alloys, [25][26][27] and forming binary [28][29][30][31][32][33] or ternary [34][35][36] germanium-based composites. Based on our previous studies and experience, we found that the complete and effectively surface coating on nanostructures with high structural robustness is vital to achieving good electrochemical performance in terms of high specific capacity, superior long-term cyclability, and good rate capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

116

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Germanium‐based materials are arousing increasing interest as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, stemming from the intrinsic physical and chemical advantages of germanium. This progress report provides a brief review on the current development of germanium‐based materials in lithium storage. The state‐of‐the‐art strategies to achieve enhanced electrochemical properties are highlighted, with their main aim being to resolve the trickiest issue: vast volume changes in germanium during cycling. These strategies include structural modification, modification by surface coating, forming germanium‐based alloys, and forming binary or ternary germanium‐based composites. The recent work on a novel composite of germanium and tin particles encapsulated in double‐concentric carbon hollow spheres is also presented here, with an emphasis on the relationship between structural design and improved performance.

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Section: Forming Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forming Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

116

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“…As shown in Figure 4e, the Coulombic efficiency remains at ≈100% after 500 cycles at a current density of 300 mA g −1 while maintaining ≈80.5% of the initial discharge capacity (at 1955 mAh g −1 ). Notably, the Li-storage performance of the ZnSi 2 P 3 /C nanocomposite is superior to most reported P-and Si-based anodes [2,3,6,8,9,11,19,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] in terms of initial Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability (Figure 4g). Notably, the Li-storage performance of the ZnSi 2 P 3 /C nanocomposite is superior to most reported P-and Si-based anodes [2,3,6,8,9,11,19,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]…”

Section: Li-storage Performance Of Znsi 2 P 3 /C Nanocompositementioning

confidence: 85%

Zn(Cu)Si₂₊_xP₃ Solid Solution Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries with Tunable Working Potentials

Zhang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Si-based anodes with a stiff diamond structure usually suffer from sluggish lithiation/delithiation reaction due to low Li-ion and electronic conductivity. Here, a novel ternary compound ZnSi 2 P 3 with a cationdisordered sphalerite structure, prepared by a facile mechanochemical method, is reported, demonstrating faster Li-ion and electron transport and greater tolerance to volume change during cycling than the existing Si-based anodes. A composite electrode consisting of ZnSi 2 P 3 and carbon achieves a high initial Coulombic efficiency (92%) and excellent rate capability (950 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 ) while maintaining superior cycling stability (1955 mAh g −1 after 500 cycles at 300 mA g −1 ), surpassing the performance of most Si-and P-based anodes ever reported. The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the sphalerite structure that allows fast ion and electron transport and the reversible Li-storage mechanism involving intercalation and conversion reactions. Moreover, the cation-disordered sphalerite structure is flexible to ionic substitutions, allowing extension to a family of Zn(Cu)Si 2+x P 3 solid solution anodes (x = 0, 2, 5, 10) with large capacity, high initial Coulombic efficiency, and tunable working potentials, representing attractive anode candidates for next-generation, high-performance, and low-cost Li-ion batteries.

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“…Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Wang

Zhang

Lee

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

196

107

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density. Therefore, developing highcapacity anode and cathode materials or new battery systems have drawn extensive attentions. [6,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Metal anodes, especially those with high-capacity and low-cost are promising alternative anode materials for LIBs in replace of graphite anode. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Generally, the metal anodes electrochemically alloy/ de-alloy with Li + to complete the battery reaction, which can store more energy than the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism in graphite. Table 1 displays the electrochemical properties of typical metallic anodes (Al, Sn, Zn, Mg, Sb, and Bi) with Li and graphite for comparison. While the graphite anodes suffer from low capacity (372 mA h g −1 ) and Li anodes suffer from severe safety issues caused by lithium dendrites, these metal anodes have many advantages in terms of high theoretical capacities, moderate operation potential for less dendrites formation, high abundance and low cost. [35] For example, aluminum has high theoretical capacity (993 mA h g −1 or 1411 mA h cm −3 for LiAl) with moderate potential plateau (≈0.38 V vs Li + /Li). [35,36] Considering both of the capacity increase and voltage drop by using metal anodes in a LIB model, Obrovac et al. calculated the volumetric energy increase in comparison to graphite based commercial battery (Table 1). [37] In such a model, the volumetric energy densities could be increased by different extents ranging from 10-42% when metal anodes were used. It is worth noticing that some recent studies have raised the idea of directly using metal foil as active anode material and simultaneously current collector. [38,39] This strategy can eliminate the usage of binder and conductive carbon black for anode preparation, simplify the battery processing steps, and also increase the loading amount of active materials, thus further enhancing the energy density and reducing the battery prices.While the metal anodes show good potential for application in high-performance LIBs, the main challenge for these metallic anodes is their large volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation process during cycling. [37,40,41] As the lithiation proceeds more deeply, the volume change becomes more severely for alloying anodes. For instance, the volume change of Sn (260%, Li 4.4 Sn) is larger than Al (97%, LiAl). The huge volume change could cause crack and pulverization of metal anodes, resulting in quick capacity decay and short cycling life. [42][43][44][45][46] Besides, metallic anode materials usually exhibited high first-cycle capacity loss due to their high reactivity withThe ever-growing market of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has significantly stimulated research interests on new-generation rechargeable battery systems with high energy density, satisfying safety and low cost. With unique potentials to achieve high energy density and low cost, rechargeable batteries based on metal anodes are capable of storing more energy via an alloying/de-alloying process, in comparison to tradi...

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Electrolytic Formation of Crystalline Silicon/Germanium Alloy Nanotubes and Hollow Particles with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Cited by 162 publications

References 44 publications

Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Zn(Cu)Si₂₊_xP₃ Solid Solution Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries with Tunable Working Potentials

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

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Electrolytic Formation of Crystalline Silicon/Germanium Alloy Nanotubes and Hollow Particles with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties

Cited by 162 publications

References 44 publications

Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Unique Structural Design and Strategies for Germanium‐Based Anode Materials Toward Enhanced Lithium Storage

Zn(Cu)Si2+xP3 Solid Solution Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries with Tunable Working Potentials

Low‐Cost Metallic Anode Materials for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Zn(Cu)Si₂₊_xP₃ Solid Solution Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries with Tunable Working Potentials