Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays

Noponen, Eero; Turunen, Jari; Vasara, Antti

doi:10.1364/josaa.10.000434

Cited by 103 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…If we chose M j 5 M 5 1 for the whole PMFE, a minimum segment width of w min < 1.3 µm would result at the aperture edges. Owing to results based on electromagnetic theory, 24 structures designed by scalar theory will no longer yield high efficiencies in this regime, and an optimization would need very computing intensive rigorous diffraction calculations. This efficiency reduction also occurs for the larger but deeper segments of an element with M .…”

Section: Experimental Results For High-numerical-aperture Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive and diffractive properties of planar micro-optical elements

1995

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The refractive and the diffractive properties of planar micro-optical elements are investigated. The transition between purely refractive and purely diffractive planar microlenses is numerically simulated for the example of differently designed phase-matched Fresnel elements. Results obtained from numerical simulations and experiments show that the refractive and diffractive types exhibit a distinctly different behavior in the presence of small fabrication errors or wavelength deviations. Based on these results, design rules for various applications, including low-and high-numerical-aperture lenses and hybrid refractive-diffractive elements, are derived. For a high-numerical-aperture 1 f @# 5 1.02 lens the experimental characterization of the irradiance distribution in the image space is presented and shown to agree well with theoretical predictions.

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Section: Experimental Results For High-numerical-aperture Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive and diffractive properties of planar micro-optical elements

1995

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“…Thus, the excitation can be associated with certain positions on the DOE, when the geometry of the setup is known. In [3] these positions were predicted in simulations, using the local linear grating model [4,5]. However, the measurements of the two-level DOE in [3] did not clearly exhibit the location of one of the two predicted anomalies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The simulations are based on a local linear grating model [4,5], in which small parts of the DOE surface are approximated by ideal diffraction gratings. For a given position, the corresponding ideal diffraction grating is determined as described in [3].…”

Section: Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood’s anomalies and spectral uniformity of focusing diffractive optical elements

Angelskår¹,

Johansen²,

Lacolle³

et al. 2010

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We report on simulations and measurements of focusing diffractive optical elements, fabricated as two-level binary optics. The diffractive optical elements are designed to separate and focus four specific wavelengths in the infrared. The simulations are based on a local linear grating model, and predict anomalies similar to Wood's anomalies known from grating diffraction theory. The anomalies are also seen in the measurements, and are excited at the DOE locations predicted by the simulations. The given examples illustrate the usefulness of the model for evaluation of DOE designs. We also present a comparison of the response and spectral uniformity between two different versions of the four-wavelength diffractive optical elements. In the first version, the optical functions for all the four wavelengths are incorporated into the same surface pattern, covering the whole patterned area. In the second version the pattern for each wavelength is kept separate, and cover one fourth of the area, forming a mosaic of the four individual patterns.

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“…For b /λ between 2 and 3, the diffraction efficiency exhibits a strong decrease followed by a peak, as can be seen, for example, in figure 2(c). This behaviour can be understood qualitatively as an occurrence of total internal reflection at the interface [12].…”

Section: Rigorous Analysis Of Ds Blazed Gratings In the Binary Regionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Direct sampling for diffractive microlens encoding from a rigorous point of view

1998

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Abstract. Rigorous diffraction theory is applied to analyse the direct-sampling (DS) encoding method, which is based on scalar diffraction theory. For given fabrication constraints and constant sampling width of the lens function, the quantized phase profiles obtained with scalar DS are close to the optimum solutions, even for grating period to wavelength ratios ( b /λ) as small as about 3. For smaller ratios, the phase profiles obtained by DS can be improved by up to 25%, using a straightforward rigorous steepest-gradient optimization. Applied to cylindrical lenses with NA = 0.5 and 0.63, coding with DS and with rigorously improved DS gives quite similar results for the total diffraction efficiency.

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Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays

Cited by 103 publications

References 19 publications

Refractive and diffractive properties of planar micro-optical elements

Refractive and diffractive properties of planar micro-optical elements

Wood’s anomalies and spectral uniformity of focusing diffractive optical elements

Direct sampling for diffractive microlens encoding from a rigorous point of view

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