“…Most data on spirochetal structure date from the micro-scopic descriptions by Zueler, Dobel, and Noguchi (reviewed in reference 129) and later by DeLamater et al (85,86), Pillot et al (203,204), and Rose and Morton (211). Beginning in the 1940s, workers in this field applied electron microscopy to unravel spirochetal architecture (15,114,115,152,174,238). The contributions of Hovind-Hougen over more than a decade have revealed many features of borrelial structure that were hitherto unknown (133)(134)(135)(136)150).…”