“…The nano-scale structure of Cu 98 Be 1.8 Co 0.2 alloy has been characterized of by XPS, and the result shows in the Cu2p core level spectra that there is a binding energy gap between the G. P. zone and the matrix binding energy in the partially hardened alloy due to the structure difference in G. P. zone and the matrix, suggesting that the nano-phase could be detected due to the binding energy difference of a certain element in difference phases [14]. In Au-Cu alloy, the binding energy of disordered and ordered Au 3 Cu alloy is different (ΔE b =0.16 eV) because their local structures at the Cu site are different [10].…”