“…Therefore, in the recent past, physical penetration enhancement techniques including ionophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, and laser irradiation gained attention in transdermal drug delivery research. The therapeutic effects of above-mentioned electrically assisted techniques, used alone as well in combination or further, in conjunction with chemical enhancers, for transdermal drug delivery were intensively investigated [110,[142][143][144][145][146][147]. Furthermore, hydrogels proved to be suitable formulations for assisted transdermal delivery by ionophoresis, sonophoresis, and electroporation due to their advantageous characteristics such as ease of loading into the device, suitability with the electrode design, good flexibility and fitting with the skin contour, strength, transparency, stability, and high electrical conductivity, which is attributed to their high water content [116,148,149].…”