Electrospraying of conducting liquids for monodisperse aerosol generation in the 4 nm to 1.8 μm diameter range

Chen, Da Ren; Pui, David Y.H.; Kaufman, Stanley L.

doi:10.1016/0021-8502(95)00027-a

Cited by 434 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Note that panel A contains error bars for all data points; however, most of the error bars are smaller than the symbols. For clarity, no error bars appear in panels B and C. Chen, et al 34 presented a characteristic curve similar to the black curve in Figure 1A, which was measured for a flow rate of 30 nL/min. They associated the resistive, low-and high-current self-regulating sections of the curve with the dripping, pulsating, and cone-jet regimes respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Electrospray Characteristic Curves: In Pursuit of Improved Performance in the Nanoflow Regime

2007

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Depending on its coordinates in the parameter space, an electrospray can manifest in one of several known regimes -stable, quasi-stable, transitional-chaotic, and non-axial -that ultimately impact measurement sensitivity and precision. An electrospray operating in cone-jet regime provides large and stable spray current, as well as smaller initial droplets that are prerequisites for higher sensitivity and quality mass spectrometric analyses. However, the dynamic conditions encountered in gradient elution-based liquid separations create difficulties for continuous operation in this regime throughout the analysis. We present a preliminary study aimed at stabilizing the electrospray in the cone-jet regime. On the basis of spray current measurements obtained using solvent conditions typically found in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, an improved description of the cone-jet stability island is provided by including transitions to and from the recently described astable regime. Additionally, the experimental conditions in which the astable regime marks the transition between pulsating and cone-jet regimes are further clarified.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Electrospray Characteristic Curves: In Pursuit of Improved Performance in the Nanoflow Regime

2007

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“…The reason for this is unknown and not further studied here. Sucrose was dissolved in Milli-Q water with a hint of ammonium acetate to make the solution conductive (Chen et al, 1995). The same 241 Am charger was in this experiment used downstream of the electrospray to reduce the charge of the highly charged aerosol coming from the electrospray.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-3 nm particle size and composition dependent response of a nano-CPC battery

et al. 2014

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Abstract. In this study we built a nano-CPC (condensation particle counter) battery, consisting of four ultrafine CPCs optimized for the detection of sub-3 nm particles. Two of the CPCs use diethylene glycol as a working fluid: a laminar type diethlylene glycol CPC and a mixing type Airmodus A09 particle size magnifier. The other two CPCs are a laminar type TSI 3025A and a TSI 3786 with butanol and water as the working fluids, respectively. The nano-CPC battery was calibrated with seven different test aerosols: tetraheptyl ammonium bromide, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, tungsten oxide, sucrose, candle flame products and limonene ozonolysis products. The results show that ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride have a higher activation efficiency with the water-based 3786 than with the butanolbased 3025A, whereas the other aerosols were activated better with butanol than with water as the working fluid. It is worthwhile to mention that sub-2 nm limonene ozonolysis products were detected very poorly with all of the CPCs, butanol being the best fluid to activate the oxidation products. To explore how the detection efficiency is affected if the aerosol is an internal mixture of two different chemical substances, we made the first attempt to control the mixing state of sub-3 nm laboratory generated aerosol. We show that we generated an internally mixed aerosol of ammonium sulfate nucleated onto tungsten oxide seed particles, and observed that the activation efficiency of the internally mixed clusters was a function of the internal mixture composition.

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“…dripping, pulsating, cone-jet and multi-jet) can be acquired by a variety of applied voltages and liquid feed rates. 3,4,22 For the electrospray of water, stable spray regimes which are dissimilar to the classical cone-jet mode have been discovered. 3,23 A mode similar in shape to the so-called silver bullet mode 3 was observed at a lower voltage than conejet mode domain.…”

Section: Functioning Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4,22 For the electrospray of water, stable spray regimes which are dissimilar to the classical cone-jet mode have been discovered. 3,23 A mode similar in shape to the so-called silver bullet mode 3 was observed at a lower voltage than conejet mode domain. This mode, which had a larger cone length and a smaller cone angle compared to the cone-jet mode, was just formed when the capillary outer surface was wetted, which is the same as that reported by Chen et al 3 Therefore, we also call this mode the "silver bullet mode" for convenience.…”

Section: Functioning Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Since that time, the applications of ES-MS have grown continuously and nowadays ES-MS is one of the most powerful tools for mass analysis of macromolecules such as proteins and synthetic polymers. In contrast to other applications of ES, 3,4 the main goal of ES-MS is not to produce monodisperse droplets or particles in the gas phase (aerosols), but to generate ions from a sample dissolved in the liquid. Though there are now over 1000 papers published per year on ES-MS, the exact mechanism by which gas phase ions of the samples are generated by ES is not fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Cluster Ions and Residue Nanoparticles from Water Samples with an Electrospray/Differential Mobility Analyzer

et al. 2003

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Cluster ions and residue nanoparticles with sizes below 30 nm were generated by electrospraying (ES) and drying droplets of pure water, tap water, and aqueous solutions of salts. The mobility spectra of the cluster ions between 9.1 and 9.3 × 10 -5 m 2 /(V s) were measured using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) operated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. A modified Faraday cup and a condensation nucleus counter were used for detection. The concentrations of total residue/contaminants in the water were determined as a function of sizes of measured aerosol particles and of the initial droplets. Method detection limits were at sub-ppb level for pure water and sub-ppm level for tap water. ES/DMA is capable of simultaneously measuring the mobility distribution of cluster ions and concentration of total residue present in water samples.

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Electrospraying of conducting liquids for monodisperse aerosol generation in the 4 nm to 1.8 μm diameter range

Cited by 434 publications

References 19 publications

Electrospray Characteristic Curves: In Pursuit of Improved Performance in the Nanoflow Regime

Electrospray Characteristic Curves: In Pursuit of Improved Performance in the Nanoflow Regime

Sub-3 nm particle size and composition dependent response of a nano-CPC battery

Measurement of Cluster Ions and Residue Nanoparticles from Water Samples with an Electrospray/Differential Mobility Analyzer

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