Electrospraying of polymers with therapeutic molecules: State of the art

Growth Factor-Loaded Microparticles for Tissue Engineering: The Discrepancies of In Vitro Characterization Assays

“…S2 and as seen in Sukarto and Amsden 19 ). Besides, the ability of electrospraying to process proteins through nonaqueous routes allows protein lyophilization with trehalose before mixing with organic solution, 22 maximizing protein protection compared with delivery systems using aqueous encapsulation processes, and also increases the osmotic activity of the solution created by dissolution of the particles. 19 However, when 1% wt trehalose was present here in the final BMP-7 formulations, reduced EE (Fig.…”

“…35 In terms of microparticle preparation, we have already established that electrospraying is an innovative emerging technique with enhanced capacity for reproducible protein encapsulation and delivery compared with traditional encapsulation techniques. [22][23][24][25] Electrosprayed particles present superior characteristics compared with particles from traditional water-in-oil emulsion-based techniques due to a gentler technique and superior control over the particles' features. 22 In terms of bioactivity, proteins (SA) and growth factors (IGF-1, PDGF, VEGF, BMP-7, TGF-b3) immediately released from electrosprayed particles were highly bioactive (80-90%), as assessed with cell proliferation assays.…”

“…After micronization with 1% wt trehalose, a similar size and size distribution were observed due to the minimal increase of overall concentration of solids and presence of the additive, as expected. 22 Morphologies were similar, spherical and smooth, and were not affected by incorporation of trehalose ( Supplementary Fig. S2).…”

“…19 Electrospraying is a one-step technique using high voltage that can be used for dry encapsulation of proteins and drugs. 22 It can provide tight control over particle characteristics, 23 generating narrow size distributions of submicrometric particles, with limited agglomeration of particles and high yields. 24 Electrospraying is particularly appealing for tissue engineering applications due to the coating nature of the technique.…”

“…In terms of reducing denaturation, electrospraying holds great potential considering the limited exposure to organic solvents and the possibility to use dry encapsulation. 22 Although sugars blended into the polymer matrix have been widely used for improving protein bioactivity in traditional encapsulation techniques, 4,5,[14][15][16]26 to our knowledge, no studies have investigated their use in electrospraying and hence this possibility represented an avenue of interest.…”