Electrospun 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Clioquinol)-Containing Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Antifungal Materials Prospective as Active Dressings against Esca

Abstract

Esca is a grapevine disease known for centuries which pertains to the group of so-called vine trunk diseases. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (P. aleophilum) are the two main fungal pathogens associated with esca. Novel fibrous materials with antifungal properties based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (clioquinol, CQ) were developed. One-pot electrospinning (“in” strategy) or electrospinning in conjunction with electrospraying (“on” strategy) were applied to obtain the materials. The materials’ morphology and their surface chemical composition were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). CQ incorporated in the bulk of the fibers or in PVP particles deposited on the fibers was in the amorphous phase, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The in vitro release of CQ depended on the composition of the electrospun materials and on their design. The performed microbiological screening revealed that, unlike the non-loaded mats, the fibrous mats loaded with CQ were effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum fungi. Therefore, the created materials are promising as active dressings for grapevine protection against esca.

Hybrid Films Prepared from a Combination of Electrospinning and Casting for Offering a Dual-Phase Drug Release

“…Shown in Figure 1 , on the left column, soluble polymers are frequently utilized to increase the fast dissolution and release of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as PVA, PVP, PEO, pullulan, gelatin, and so on [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. When these polymers are transferred into nanofibers with a certain poorly water-soluble drug, the dissolution enhancement effects are greatly improved because of the unique properties of electrospun nanofibers, such as small diameters, high porosity, and the amorphous state of the loaded drug molecules [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Electrospun Polymer Materials with Fungicidal Activity: A Review

“…The potential of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives to serve as antifungal substances for plant protection was further explored with 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Clioquinol, CQ) [ 99 ]. Until this first report, no data in the literature on the antifungal activity of CQ against P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were reported.…”

“… Schematic representation of fibers: ( a ) PVP in PHB fiber containing CQ in the bulk (PVP,CQ in PHB) and ( b ) PHB fiber decorated with PVP,CQ particles on the surface (PVP,CQ on PHB) [ 99 ]. …”

Development of a Clioquinol Nanocarrier as a New, Promising Option for the Treatment of Dermatomycosis

“…Besides its antiparasitic properties, CQ has been studied regarding its chelating, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral properties, with potential uses in diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson’s, as well as COVID-19 [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Several research groups are studying CQ, CQ complexes, and 8-hidroxyquinolines derivatives and their application as antifungal agents [ 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. CQ presents an iodine in the 7-position and a chlorine in the 5-position of the quinoline ring, which may be related to its antifungal activity ( Figure 1 ) [ 9 ].…”