We investigate the effects of electrostatic interactions on the phase behavior and structure of insoluble Langmuir monolayers at the liquid/air interface. Both for charged and neutral monolayers, the competition between such repulsive long-range and attractive short-range interactions of the monolayer tends to stabilize modulated phases. Phase diagrams are obtained in two limits: (i) close to the liquid-gas critical point and (ii) at low temperatures.Monolayers of insoluble amphiphilic molecules, such as surfactants, fatty acids, and phospholipids at the liquid/air interface (Langmuir monolayers), have been studied quite extensively over the last 60 years (for a general review, see refs. 1 and 2). They are of fundamental interest because of their variety of two-dimensional phase transitions. In addition, these monolayers are studied as simple models for biological membranes of phospholipids. Measurements of surface pressure versus area per molecule show that monolayers undergo a two-dimensional liquid-gas transition at very low surface pressure (<0.1 dyne/cm; 1 dyne = 10 4N) (3)(4)(5). At higher surface pressures, a peculiar "kink" in the isotherms is seen in many experiments. The origin of this singularity is not clear and is a matter of dispute [refs. 6 and 7; see, for instance, ref. 8 and ref. 9 (and references therein)]. It has been interpreted as either a second-order transition between two liquid phases (termed "liquid-condensed" and "liquid-expanded") or as a first-order liquid-solid transition under poorly controlled conditions: presence of impurities, undersaturated water vapor pressure, retention of the spreading solvent, or nonequilibrium determination of the isotherms (6, 7).Recently, other experimental techniques have been developed and applied to the study of structural properties of monolayers. Among others they include electric surface potential (10-12) and viscoelastic measurements (13), nonlinear optics (14), epifluorescence microscopy (15-18), and x-ray diffraction (19, 20) from a synchrotron source. The epifluorescence microscopy, for example, allows a direct visualization of monolayers on length scales of micrometers. In lipid monolayers, an organization of liquid-like and solidlike regions that repeat periodically is seen and is shown schematically in Fig. 1.In this paper, we address the interesting question of the physical origin of such modulated structures. We briefly present theoretical calculations (21-23) that explain such modulated structures as the result of a competition between dipolar and short-range interactions of the monolayer. We also draw the analogy with other systems (magnetic films and ferrofluids) where similar competition gives rise to modulated structure on different length scales.Many neutral amphiphilic molecules carry a permanent dipole. Dipole-dipole interaction between two dipoles vanes as r-3, where r is the distance between the two dipoles. In two dimensions, we can estimate the dipolar energy ofa monolayer, which has a concentration modulation with wav...