Elevated CO2 Levels do not Affect the Shell Structure of the Bivalve Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic

Stemmer, Kristina; Nehrke, Gernot; Brey, Thomas

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070106

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Berge et al, 2006;McClintock et al, 2009;Beniash et al, 2010;Parker et al, 2010;Melzner et al, 2011;Talmage and Gobler, 2011;Amaral et al, 2012;Hiebenthal et al, 2013;Coleman et al, 2014;Gobler et al, 2014;Milano et al, 2016), cold-water scleractinian corals (e.g. Form and Riebesell, 2011;McCulloch et al, 2012;Jantzen et al, 2013b;Büscher et al, 2017) and sea urchins (Suckling et al, 2015) (Table S1). The results of these studies show that, in general, seawater acidification reduces the growth rate of marine calcifiers (Michaelidis et al, 2005;Shirayama and Thornton, 2005;Berge et al, 2006;Bibby et al, 2007;Beniash et al, 2010;Nienhuis et al, 2010;Figure 11.…”

Section: Low Ph and Brachiopod Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

Jurikova

Angiolini

et al. 2019

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. In the last few decades and in the near future CO2-induced ocean acidification is potentially a big threat to marine calcite-shelled animals (e.g. brachiopods, bivalves, corals and gastropods). Despite the great number of studies focusing on the effects of acidification on shell growth, metabolism, shell dissolution and shell repair, the consequences for biomineral formation remain poorly understood. Only a few studies have addressed the impact of ocean acidification on shell microstructure and geochemistry. In this study, a detailed microstructure and stable isotope geochemistry investigation was performed on nine adult brachiopod specimens of Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789). These were grown in the natural environment as well as in controlled culturing experiments under different pH conditions (ranging from 7.35 to 8.15±0.05) over different time intervals (214 to 335 days). Details of shell microstructural features, such as thickness of the primary layer, density and size of endopunctae and morphology of the basic structural unit of the secondary layer were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O) were tested from the secondary shell layer along shell ontogenetic increments in both dorsal and ventral valves. Based on our comprehensive dataset, we observed that, under low-pH conditions, M. venosa produced a more organic-rich shell with higher density of and larger endopunctae, and smaller secondary layer fibres. Also, increasingly negative δ13C and δ18O values are recorded by the shell produced during culturing and are related to the CO2 source in the culture set-up. Both the microstructural changes and the stable isotope results are similar to observations on brachiopods from the fossil record and strongly support the value of brachiopods as robust archives of proxies for studying ocean acidification events in the geologic past.

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Section: Low Ph and Brachiopod Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

Jurikova

Angiolini

et al. 2019

Biogeosciences

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“…Consequently, the pH values of the EPF are below that of ambient seawater for most of the time, and the fluid is undersaturated with respect to CaCO 3 (Crenshaw 1972a, Heinemann et al 2012. Some bivalves can even calcify at high rates under acidified conditions of the surrounding seawater with a saturation state of CaCO 3 < 0.5 , Stemmer et al 2013. The microenvironment in which calcification occurs has to be highly supersaturated with respect to shell minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clam is a key species in Western Baltic benthic communities and flourishes in areas exposed to fluctuating environmental parameters as salinity, oxygen, and pCO 2 (Hansen et al 1999). Stemmer et al (2013) showed that shell growth was unaffected under elevated CO 2 levels. The present study helps to clarify the role of the EPF in the calcification process within young specimen of the ocean quahog by directly measuring ion dynamics with high temporal resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ Measurements of pH, CA2+, and Dic Dynamics within the Extrapallial Fluid of the Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica

Stemmer

Brey

Gutbrod

et al. 2019

Journal of Shellfish Research

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This study investigated to what extent the extrapallial fluid (EPF) of the marine bivalve Arctica islandica (Linneaus, 1767) is involved in shell formation. With in situ pH microscopy, pH gradients were identified between inner shell surface and outer mantle epithelium (OME). pH at the OME varied rapidly between neutral and values above 9, suggesting active H + pumping. Microsensor measurements showed also remarkable short-term dynamics in pH and Ca 2+ concentrations, again suggesting active ion pumping. Further focus was on pH, Ca 2+ , and dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics within the EPF to determine whether calcium carbonate precipitation is possible within the EPF. The data show that the bulk of the inner EPF rarely reaches calcium carbonate saturation and, thus, cannot be the site of shell formation. At the OME surface, however, pH levels of up to 9.5 were observed, corresponding to a 30-fold carbonate supersaturation. Thus, ion pumping by the OME can drive calcification when the OME is just a few mm distant from the inner shell surface, as it is the case in the outer EPF.

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“…In the Baltic Sea, several studies of CO 2 effects have been undertaken on the organism level of fish (Frommel et al, 2013), zooplankton (Pansch et al, 2012;Vehmaa et al, 2012), macrophytes (Pajusalu et al, 2013), benthic species (Hiebenthal et al, 2013;Stemmer et al, 2013), and filamentous cyanobacteria (Czerny et al, 2009;Eichner et al, 2014;Wannicke et al, 2012). Studies on the impacts of elevated CO 2 at the ecosystem level, however, have thus far been limited to Kiel Bight in the western Baltic Sea (Engel et al, 2014;Rossoll et al, 2013;Schulz and Riebesell, 2013), which may fundamentally differ from other parts of the Baltic Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake in a mesocosm experiment during a low productive summer season in the northern Baltic Sea

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Studies investigating the effect of increasing CO 2 levels on the phosphorus cycle in natural waters are lacking although phosphorus often controls phytoplankton development in many aquatic systems. The aim of our study was to analyse effects of elevated CO 2 levels on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake. The phosphorus dynamic was followed in a CO 2 -manipulation mesocosm experiment in the Storfjärden (western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) in summer 2012 and was also studied in the surrounding fjord water. In all mesocosms as well as in surface waters of Storfjärden, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) concentrations of 0.26 ± 0.03 and 0.23 ± 0.04 µmol L −1 , respectively, formed the main fraction of the total P-pool (TP), whereas phosphate (PO 4 ) constituted the lowest fraction with mean concentration of 0.15 ± 0.02 in the mesocosms and 0.17 ± 0.07 µmol L −1 in the fjord. Transformation of PO 4 into DOP appeared to be the main pathway of PO 4 turnover. About 82 % of PO 4 was converted into DOP whereby only 18 % of PO 4 was transformed into particulate phosphorus (PP). PO 4 uptake rates measured in the mesocosms ranged between 0.6 and 3.9 nmol L −1 h −1 . About 86 % of them was realized by the size fraction < 3 µm. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uptake revealed that additional P was supplied from organic compounds accounting for 25-27 % of P provided by PO 4 only. CO 2 additions did not cause significant changes in phosphorus (P) pool sizes, DOP composition, and uptake of PO 4 and ATP when the whole study period was taken into account. However, significant short-term effects were observed for PO 4 and PP pool sizes in CO 2 treatments > 1000 µatm during periods when phytoplankton biomass increased. In addition, we found significant relationships (e.g., between PP and Chl a) in the untreated mesocosms which were not observed under high f CO 2 conditions. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that the relationship between PP formation and phytoplankton growth changed with CO 2 elevation. It can be deduced from the results, that visible effects of CO 2 on P pools are coupled to phytoplankton growth when the transformation of PO 4 into POP was stimulated. The transformation of PO 4 into DOP on the other hand does not seem to be affected. Additionally, there were some indications that cellular mechanisms of P regulation might be modified unPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3036M. Nausch et al.: Effects of CO 2 perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes der CO 2 elevation changing the relationship between cellular constituents.

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Elevated CO2 Levels do not Affect the Shell Structure of the Bivalve Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic

Cited by 35 publications

References 63 publications

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

In situ Measurements of pH, CA2+, and Dic Dynamics within the Extrapallial Fluid of the Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake in a mesocosm experiment during a low productive summer season in the northern Baltic Sea

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Elevated CO2 Levels do not Affect the Shell Structure of the Bivalve Arctica islandica from the Western Baltic

Cited by 35 publications

References 63 publications

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low-pH–ocean acidification conditions

In situ Measurements of pH, CA2+, and Dic Dynamics within the Extrapallial Fluid of the Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica

Effects of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake in a mesocosm experiment during a low productive summer season in the northern Baltic Sea

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Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake in a mesocosm experiment during a low productive summer season in the northern Baltic Sea