Emergence of the First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak Among Livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2016.

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease of cattle originating from the African continent. Here we describe the first LSD outbreak reported in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in July 2016. Initially, LSD was reported in a cattle farm located 49 km from Kazakh –Russian border in, Atyrau Oblast in West Kazakhstan. Subsequently, the disease spread to neighbouring farms situated within the same district. Following a preliminary investigation, the local State Veterinary Service declared a strict quarantine according to the State Contingency Plan, along with immediate total stamping out and cattle movement restrictions. During the outbreak, the number of affected cattle within an epidemiological unit reached 459 cattle out of registered 3557 susceptible cattle with 12.90% morbidity and 0.96%, mortality. This manuscript presents the epidemiological situation, the diagnosis, the control measures including mass vaccination and the stamping out campaign.s

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

“…Importantly, the LSDV vaccine-like strains detected in Saratov Region under the current research differed from the LSDV field strains which were reported in the bordering Republic of Kazakhstan [44,47]. In fact, Saratov Region and the Republic of Kazakhstan territories are so closely located that it could result in the possible movement of individual ruminants, including cattle, along a relatively long border.…”

Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia

“…The prevalence and incidence of LSD detected by RT-PCR were reviewed during 2016–2020 ( Figure-3 ). In 2016, the prevalence of LSD in the countries was 4.66% in Iraq [ 38 ], 4.77% in Uganda [ 39 ], 5.00% in Nigeria [ 40 ], 6.00% in Saudi Arabia [ 23 ], 7.22%–18.0% in Ethiopia [ 41 , 42 ], and 12.9%–22.00% in Kazakhstan [ 43 , 44 ]. In 2017, the prevalence of LSD in countries was 24.00% in Egypt [ 45 ] and 5.67% in Ethiopia [ 46 ].…”

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD): Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control

“…Although direct and indirect contact (without vectors) is considered less effective as a source of infection, it can happen. Issimov et al (2020) which stated that transmission of LSD disease within a population occurs through aerosols when infected animals exhale and through contaminated food or drink. Meanwhile, according to Mishchenko (2015) in Issimov et al (2020) that the transmission of LSD in Iran, Azerbaijan, the Republic of Dagestan, Georgia and Russia occurred due to direct and indirect contact.…”

“…Issimov et al (2020) which stated that transmission of LSD disease within a population occurs through aerosols when infected animals exhale and through contaminated food or drink. Meanwhile, according to Mishchenko (2015) in Issimov et al (2020) that the transmission of LSD in Iran, Azerbaijan, the Republic of Dagestan, Georgia and Russia occurred due to direct and indirect contact. This statement is supported by the results of a study conducted by Shumilova et al (2022) using bulls as experimental animals and providing feed that was previously inoculated with the LSD virus (classical strain Dagestan/2015 and recombinant Saratov/2017) to determine indirect spawning routes.…”

“…New evidence suggests that the house fly (Musca domestica) may be able to play a role in the transmission of LSD disease, but this has not been clinically tested (Sprygin et al, 2019). Issimov et al (2020) in their research proved that three Stomoxys species (Stomoxys calsitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, and Stomoxys indica) can act as mechanical vectors in LSD transmission, even animals infected due to Stomoxys spp bites mostly show moderate degrees of severity and only one severe case.…”