Emerging Antioxidant Paradigm of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Therapy

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have been under investigation as potential treatments for a diverse range of diseases, and many animal and clinical trials have achieved encouraging results. However, it is well known that the biological activity of the exosomes is key to their therapeutic properties; however, till date, it has not been completely understood. Previous studies have provided different explanations of therapeutic mechanisms of the exosomes, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging mechanisms. The pathological effects of oxidative stress often include organ damage, inflammation, and disorders of material and energy metabolism. The evidence gathered from research involving animal models indicates that exosomes have antioxidant properties, which can also explain their anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In this study, we have summarized the antioxidant effects of exosomes in in vivo and in vitro models, and have evaluated the anti-oxidant mechanisms of exosomes by demonstrating a direct reduction in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), promotion of intracellular defence of anti-oxidative stress, immunomodulation by inhibiting excess ROS, and alteration of mitochondrial performance. Exosomes exert their cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the redox environment and oxidative stress, which explains the therapeutic effects of exosomes in a variety of diseases, mechanisms that can be well preserved among different species.

The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Myocardial Protection: a Review of Current Advances and Future Perspectives

“…Although the above studies show that SEVs can serve as cargoes for miRNA delivery, lipoproteins have also been proven to deliver miRNAs. Actually, lipoproteins are inevitably mixed with SEVs [70], making further purification of SEVs become one of the major obstacles in current SEVs research. Table 3 lists the mechanistic role of some SEVs-delivered miRNAs in myocardial protection.…”

Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation Theranostic Nanomedicine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…68,69,70,71 In addition, MSCs are amongst the largest cellular procedures of exosomes, which have amounts of cargoes, including 850 gene products and 150 miRNAs described, and play a vital role in the regulation of inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cell damages. [72][73][74] Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that MSC-derived exosomes are considered to be a potential option for the treatment of human disease, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), osteoarthritis, and autoimmune disease. [75][76][77] Although MSC-derived exosomes show increasing potential for human disease, there is still a lack of evidence.…”

Application of exosomes for the alleviation of COVID‐19‐related pathologies

“…It has been found that Exo can diminish cell death and apoptosis via engaging several mechanisms. For instance, MSCs Exo can prevent detrimental effects of oxidative stress in degenerating cells via the regulation of reactive oxygen production 25 . The production of several inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in during COVID‐19 can trigger the mitochondrial injury via the production of hydrogen peroxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase 26 .…”

“…For instance, MSCs Exo can prevent detrimental effects of oxidative stress in degenerating cells via the regulation of reactive oxygen production. 25 The production of several inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in during COVID‐19 can trigger the mitochondrial injury via the production of hydrogen peroxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase. 26 Besides, nasal and pulmonary epithelium failed to produce and secret antiviral factors such as interferon at early stages after infection with SARS‐CoV‐2.…”