Emerging nanotherapeutics alleviating rheumatoid arthritis by readjusting the seeds and soils

Ionic Liquid Transdermal Patches of Two Active Ingredients Based on Semi-Ionic Hydrogen Bonding for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

“…Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to deformities and disabilities in patients [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The current recommended treatment for RA includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids (GCs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and nanomedicine-based medication [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. However, most single-pharmacological treatments focus only on relieving RA pain and do not address disease progression.…”

Supramolecular Integration of Multifunctional Nanomaterial by Mannose-Decorated Azocalixarene with Ginsenoside Rb1 for Synergistic Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…A major advantage of nanostructures in biomedical applications is their multifunctional capacity, which is particularly important for the treatment of complex diseases. − By integrating a limited number of functional blocks into a nanostructure, a multifunctional nanoformulation can be established to simultaneously achieve several tasks. − In general, these multifunctional nanomedicines were constructed by integrated means of covalent modification, self-assembly, coordination, physical embedding, and biotechnology. ,, The obtained multifunctionality includes, but is not limited to, therapeutics, diagnosis, imaging, delivery, and targeting. , The cooperativity of various pharmacophores is promising to manifest a satisfactory diagnostic and therapeutic index for many complex diseases. − Although significant achievements have been obtained in recent decades, multifunctional nanomedicines still face two formidable challenges: too much complexity and not enough reproducibility. , To achieve multifunctionality, nanostructures generally comprise complex components and require complicated preparation procedures, which cannot warrant the batch-to-batch consistency of construction and even function.…”

Macrophage-Targeted Dextran Sulfate-Dexamethasone Conjugate Micelles for Effective Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Over 60 million cases of RA are estimated to be diagnosed each year worldwide, and many of them suffer multiple systemic complications, even physical disabilities [ 3 , 4 ]. Research has revealed that macrophage-induced inflammation plays an important role in the occurrence and development of RA [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. This is due to the activated macrophages releasing a large number of inflammatory cytokines and promoting the differentiation into osteoclasts, ultimately prolonging the inflammatory phase of RA and aggravating the affected joints [ 8 ].…”