Emerging trends in optical sensing of glycemic markers for diabetes monitoring

Abstract

In the past decade, considerable attention has been focused on the measurement of glycemic markers, such as glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin, that provide retrospective indices of average glucose levels in the bloodstream. While these biomarkers have been regularly used to monitor long-term glucose control in established diabetics, they have also gained traction in diabetic screening. Detection of such glycemic markers is challenging, especially in a point-of-care setting, due to the stringent requirements for sensitivity and robustness. A number of non-separation based measurement strategies were recently proposed, including photonic tools that are well suited to reagent-free marker quantitation. Here, we critically review these methods while focusing on vibrational spectroscopic methods, which offer highly specific molecular fingerprinting capability. We examine the underlying principles and the utility of these approaches as reagentless assays capable of multiplexed detection of glycemic markers and also the challenges in their eventual use in the clinic.

Differences in biopsychosocial profiles of diabetes patients by level of glycaemic control and health-related quality of life: The Maastricht Study

“…Although there is growing interest in, amongst others, glycated albumin and fructosamin as alternative markers of glycaemic control, HbA1c remains the gold standard biomarker of glycaemia [ 12 ]. It has been used as a universally accepted means for monitoring glycaemic control for more than three decades [ 13 ].…”

Blood equivalent phantom vs whole human blood, a comparative study

“…This in turn would cause a great reduction in sample variability, enabling to build calibration models easily, but is completely useless for a real-case application, where the individual variability is a major challenge. 48 In the case of°uorescence, the blood spectra are dominated by haemoglobin°uorescence from the RBCs. The blood-equivalent phantoms should be a viable model in this case for exploring the auto-°u orescence and photobleaching e®ects, 49 yet only to the extent when the°uorescence from chemical compounds in plasma can be neglected.…”

Review: Non-Invasive Continuous Blood Glucose Measurement Techniques

“…Raman Effect was first discovered in 1928 by Chandrasekhara Ramanan. In 1970 with the [88]. With this improvement higher intensity signals can be obtained [89].…”