Emisi Karbon dan Produk Domestik Bruto: Investigasi Hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pada Negara Berpendapatan Menengah di Kawasan ASEAN

Abstract

Policymakers in the world are concerned with carbon emission due to the risk of global warming. Many studies on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) consider carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation. This study aimed to investigate the existence of EKC and identify variations of relationships between carbon emissions and GDP per capita in ASEAN middle-income countries. The study was conducted on Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia based on 1971-2014 time series data using a simultaneous model (2SLS) for each country. The main variables studied were GDP per capita, square of GDP per capita, and carbon emission supported by other variables as the controlling variables. Validation on EKC existence was determined by GDP and GDP squared influence on carbon emission, while variations of relationship between GDP and carbon emission were based on the result of simultaneous regressions. The results showed that the existence of the EKC could not be validated in all countries because energy and transportation policies in each country failed to reduce the emission. On the other hand, carbon emission had a positive unidirectional influence on GDP in all countries. The effect of carbon emission coefficient to GDP showed that Thailand ranked the highest in CO2 efficiency, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. This study recommended that carbon emission reduction policies in the four countries should focus more to easier access to environmentally friendly technology from developed countries for ensuring trade-offs between the economy and environment.

Existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and its relevance to SDGs policy: A study in Java region, Indonesia

“…However, different results were obtained by P. Y. Chen et al (2016) for 188 countries in 1993-2010, Apergis & Ozturk (2015) in 14 Asian countries, Noor &Saputra (2020), andVo et al (2021) in 26 countries that do not demonstrate the existence of EKC. In a narrower scope, that is Indonesia, there are several studies indicating contradictory results.…”

Validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve in the Malaysian Economy: A Fresh Evidence

“…Further, it demonstrates how urbanization boosts energy use, which encourages the emission of CO2. By collecting environmentally friendly technologies and raising production efficiency, urbanization, on the contrary, promotes economic development by reducing environmental degradation (Noor and Saputra, 2020). Furthermore, the impact of the α5 is conditional on the stage of development through which the economy is moving.…”

“…EKC is an economic theory that suggests an inverse relationship between a country's level of economic development and its environmental quality (Abd Razak et al, 2021). Specifically, the theory proposes that as a country's income increases, its ecological quality initially declines but eventually improves as it becomes more developed (Noor and Saputra, 2020). This study contributes to the economics literature by utilizing modern techniques like Johansen co-integration, ARDL Bound, ARDL and Block exogeneity to assess a fresh economic perspective.…”

Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi dan Deforestasi Terhadap Output Nasional Lima Negara Anggota ASEAN

“…Negara berkembang tersebut sering kali didefinisikan sebagai negara yang berada pada tahap awal pembangunan. Akibat yang ditimbulkan adalah sulitnya melakukan pengurangan pada kerusakan lingkungan karena negara tersebut lebih memprioritaskan pembangunan dan lemahnya kesadaran untuk menjaga lingkungan hidup (Noor, Saputra, 2020).…”