Emission Factors for Aerial Pyrotechnics and Use in Assessing Environmental Impact of Firework Displays: Case Study from Malta

Abstract

The Two Towers, of fruitful collaboration between the teams of Margherita Barbero at Turin University (Turin, left) and Pier Giorgio Cozzi at Bologna University (Bologna, right) came together in their Full Paper on in describing a simple and affordable procedure for organocatalytic alkylations using stable and easily prepared o‐benzenedisulfonimide salts of (3‐indolyl)methylium carbenium ions. Normally these ions are often used as precursors in organocatalysis and are generated in situ. Good yields of up to 95% and high enantioselectivity of up to 97% accompany the procedure, which works with the commercially available Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst and a variety of aldehydes.

Determination of Particulate Matter Emission Factors of Common Pyrotechnic Articles

“…As described in literature, different kinds of measurement chambers may be used to measure combustion products [24,27].…”

“…This way of calculation is performed because entire articles are directly evaluated. This approach is a contrast to known approaches utilizing emissions of pyrotechnic mixtures to evaluate entire articles [27].…”

“…The interpolated interval for sampling time t 2 ' is marked in yel-low. t 2 ' describes a kind of acceptance criterion, based on comparable literature [27]. After about 120 s homogenization time the particle dispersion seemed to be sufficiently uniform so that this time was defined as the first sampling time closest possible to the ignition of the article.…”

“…Approaches to determine EFs of pyrotechnics are often based on emissions of contained pyrotechnic mixtures, the so-called pyrotechnic compositions [24,27]. Such studies could be used to properly correct estimated emission fac- tors that are currently in use.…”

“…Different kinds of measurement setups are described in literature. For example, measurement chambers are used that are filled with combustion products during the experiment and from which representative samples are taken after homogenization of the inner volume [27]. Such an approach is appropriate and describes a suitable starting point for emission measurements of PAs.…”