Debate continues to feature prominently in many countries on such notions as skills, skill shortages and employability. Clearly such notions remain significant internationally in the rhetoric of both economic reform and training policy and practice. However, the problem remains of differing perceptions. The purpose of this comparative study was to examine the expectations of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) when they recruit young people.Focusing on Germany, Australia and the United States, interviews were held with 30 managers in two diverse job roles-hospitality front-desk staff and automotive technicians. In addition to differences in the range of desired skills between the job roles in these countries, difficulties in recruiting young people were highlighted by the study. Generational differences and academization were perceived as having effects on the hiring of young workers. Various problems with each country's general education system were also emphasized, as managers perceived many young people being inadequately prepared for work.The study also demonstrates the influence of the skill formation system of the countries is less relevant in comparison to the sector in which the SMEs are active.
ZENNER-HÖFFKES Et al.As Billett (2014, p. 14) highlighted, there is a historical and enduring emphasis on entry-level training with a keen focus on young people's employability. Yet the overarching message from these studies is that notions of employability still differ greatly and there is no common definition. Lisá et al. (2019, p. 71) state that 'currently there is no uniform theory of employability', reasons being complexity, situational factors, changing labour markets, graduates' individual interests and attitudes and their professional focus. Similarly, Clarke (2018, p. 1924) concludes that 'the concept of graduate employability remains under-explored and under-developed and its complex nature has often been oversimplified'. Other studies offer stringent critique of these notions, declaring such discourse as 'clearly problematic' (Taylor, 2005, p. 205), 'seriously flawed' and subject to 'little conceptual examination' (Brown et al., 2003, p. 107) and 'ideological' (Taylor, 1998, p. 160), calling for more research into the processes of struggle, negotiation and compromise. Inconsistencies will 'create stumbling blocks to implementation' (Williams, 2005, p. 46). Related to this preoccupation with employability, studies abound on the ranking of various soft skills 1 , especially studies comparing views of employers and graduates and often involving one discipline (e.g., Andrews & Higson, 2008;Gibbs et al., 2011;Low et al., 2016).From these-mostly quantitative-studies, we can identify several common findings regarding employer perspectives. Due to limited space, only five are summarized here.One is that employers consider soft skills more important than do graduates (e.g., Kantane et al., 2015;Majid et al., 2019;Saunders & Zuzel, 2010). Moreover, not only did research by Succi and Canovi (2019) comparin...