Although it is a promising sodium storage material due to its excellent electrochemical activity, small bandgap, and large interlayer spacing, layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) suffers from poor rate capability and degraded cycling life, resulting from its serious aggregation upon preparation, sluggish reaction kinetics, and structure expansion during cycling. To address these issues, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐assisted fabrication approach was developed for the rational synthesis of an interconnected framework with nitrogen‐doped carbon‐confined MoS2 nanosheets/Ti3C2Tx MXene (MoS2/Ti3C2Tx@NC), where the PEI could guide the uniform growth of MoS2 on Ti3C2Tx and the self‐generated NC simultaneously enhanced its synergistic coupling with MoS2/Ti3C2Tx, thus contributing to the improvement of charge transfer, diffusion kinetics, and structural integrity of the hybrid electrode. Consequently, the desired MoS2/Ti3C2Tx@NC delivered impressive sodium storage performance, demonstrating high reversible capacities of 397.3 and 206.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively. Moreover, electrochemical kinetics analysis and charge storage mechanism manifested that high capacitive contribution, facilitated Na+ transport pathways, and synergistic electronic coupling between MoS2/Ti3C2Tx and NC contributed to the superior sodium storage performance.