Enamel Hypoplasia in Children with Renal Disease in a Fluoridated Area

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of enamel hypoplasia in children with renal disease and healthy children, all of whom live in a fluoridated area. A cross-sectional study was made in 42 children divided into 2 groups. To describe enamel changes, 3 diagnostic criteria were applied: TSIF Index to describe dental fluorosis, Jackson-Al-Alousi Index to describe enamel hypoplasia, and Russell criteria to differentiate mild forms of dental fluorosis and enamel hypoplasia. The frequency of enamel hypoplasia in patients with renal disease was 38.09%. This frequency is smaller than that seen in other studies. There was no difference in the frequency of dental fluorosis between patients with renal disease and patients without renal disease. However, the patients with renal disease presented more severe dental fluorosis than children without renal disease.

Taurine Ameliorates Renal Oxidative Damage and Thyroid Dysfunction in Rats Chronically Exposed to Fluoride

“…p < 0.05 against fluoride (b) fluoride-mediated hypothyroidism in the treated rats could cause decrease the tubular function, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte homeostasis, and altered kidney structure [36]. The results of the present investigation are in agreement with previous reports that fluoride induced significant functional alterations in the kidney and thyroid tissues, thus demonstrating the possible enhanced susceptibility of these tissues to fluoride in rodents [14,37]. Conversely, the increase in the levels of these hormones following cotreatment with taurine showed enhancement of the function of thyroid system by taurine in the treated rats.…”

“…Moreover, endemic fluorosis is a global concern because several millions of people are affected. Epidemiological studies showed that children with renal disease from fluoridated area presented more severe dental fluorosis than those without such disease [14]. Fluoridemediated tissue toxicity has been associated with increased oxidative stress and altered antioxidant defense mechanisms [15,16].…”

Dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in individuals with chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Table summarizes the characteristics of the studies that assessed DDE among individuals with CKD compared to non‐CKD individuals. All studies recruited participants with CKD from specialized centers (Al‐Nowaiser et al, ; Caliento et al, ; Davidovich, Schwarz, et al, ; Ertuğrul et al, ; Ibarra‐Santana et al, ; Jaffe et al, ; Martins et al, ; Patil et al, ). No study stated how the sample size was determined.…”

“…The sample size ranged from 21 to 100 individuals and participants' age ranged from 2 to 78 years. Three studies recruited healthy individuals in hospitals (Al‐Nowaiser et al, ; Jaffe et al, ; Patil et al, ), one in a primary school (Ertuğrul et al, ), one in a dental school (Martins et al, ), two in a dental clinic (Caliento et al, ; Davidovich, Schwarz, et al, ), and one study recruited siblings of patients with CKD (Ibarra‐Santana et al, ). Five studies had a control group consisting of non‐CKD individuals with sex and age matched or sex and age similar to those in the group of individuals with CKD (Al‐Nowaiser et al, ; Caliento et al, ; Davidovich, Schwarz, et al, ; Martins et al, ; Patil et al, ).…”

“…Two studies (Al‐Nowaiser et al, ; Davidovich, Schwarz, et al, ) used the FDI DDE index 1982 (Ainamo & Cutress, ) and one study (Martins et al, ) used the FDI DDE index 1992 (FDI, ). One study (Ibarra‐Santana et al, ) used the Jackson–Al‐Alousi Index (Al‐Alousi, Jackson, Compton, & Jenkins, ) for the diagnosis of enamel hypoplasia. The other studies did not report the criterion used for diagnosis (Caliento et al, ; Ertuğrul et al, ; Jaffe et al, ; Patil et al, ).…”