Encapsulation of Bioactive Peptides by Spray-Drying and Electrospraying

Abstract

Bioactive peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis are gaining attention for the production of supplements, pharmaceutical compounds, and functional foods. However, their inclusion in oral delivery systems is constrained by their high susceptibility to degradation during human gastrointestinal digestion. Encapsulating techniques can be used to stabilize functional ingredients, helping to maintain their activity after processing, storage, and digestion, thus improving their bioaccessibility. Monoaxial spray-drying and electrospraying are common and economical techniques used for the encapsulation of nutrients and bioactive compounds in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although less studied, the coaxial configuration of both techniques could potentially improve the stabilization of protein-based bioactives via the formation of shell–core structures. This article reviews the application of these techniques, both monoaxial and coaxial configurations, for the encapsulation of bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates, focusing on the factors affecting the properties of the encapsulates, such as the formulation of the feed solution, selection of carrier and solvent, as well as the processing conditions used. Furthermore, this review covers the release, retention of bioactivity, and stability of peptide-loaded encapsulates after processing and digestion.

Formation and Characterization of Z-Isomer-Enriched Carotenoid-Loaded Microparticles with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Using a Spray Drying Technique

“…Spray drying is a typical encapsulation technique for bioactive substances in polymers. 42,43 It is based on atomizing a solution into droplets and drying them in gas at high temperatures to produce dry particles. During drying, base materials including PVP form stable complexes with core materials through intermolecular interactions.…”

“…44,45 Several spray dryer operating parameters are known to affect complex formation, such as inlet air temperature and feed flow rate. 42,43 In this study, to understand the suitable spray drying conditions for the encapsulation of carotenoids in PVP, the effects of carotenoid and PVP feed ratio, inlet air temperature, feed flow rate, and PVP average molecular weight on the carotenoid concentration encapsulated in PVP, E/Z-isomer ratio of encapsulated carotenoid, and mean particle size of the resulting complexes were evaluated (Figure 4). The evaluation was performed using astaxanthin treated by the heated flow reactor.…”

“…Spray drying is a typical encapsulation technique for bioactive substances in polymers. , It is based on atomizing a solution into droplets and drying them in gas at high temperatures to produce dry particles. During drying, base materials including PVP form stable complexes with core materials through intermolecular interactions. , Several spray dryer operating parameters are known to affect complex formation, such as inlet air temperature and feed flow rate. , In this study, to understand the suitable spray drying conditions for the encapsulation of carotenoids in PVP, the effects of carotenoid and PVP feed ratio, inlet air temperature, feed flow rate, and PVP average molecular weight on the carotenoid concentration encapsulated in PVP, E / Z -isomer ratio of encapsulated carotenoid, and mean particle size of the resulting complexes were evaluated (Figure ). The evaluation was performed using astaxanthin treated by the heated flow reactor.…”

Encapsulation of Tenebrio molitor Hydrolysate with DPP-IV Inhibitory Activity by Electrospraying and Spray-Drying

“…Moreover, a high surface-area-to-volume ratio (small capsules) results in a quicker release, as fluids can penetrate the particles more easily, facilitating enhanced bioactive diffusion and the accelerated degradation of the polymeric matrix [45]. Nevertheless, it should be highlighted that, through the spray-drying process, it is common to obtain a broad size range and particle size distribution for the produced encapsulates [68]. This variation could result in capsules exhibiting a diverse performance concerning the protection and administration of bioactive peptides [37,69].…”

Encapsulation of short-chain bioactive peptides (BAPs) for gastrointestinal delivery: a review

“…For instance, Mirzapour-Kouhdasht et al 's 56 review focuses on enhancing the palatability of BAPs through encapsulation. Similarly, Berraquero-García et al 57 discuss the encapsulation of BAPs using spray-drying and electrospraying techniques. Additionally, Aguilar-Toala et al 's 58 provides an overview of strategies for encapsulating BAPs and presents a comprehensive analysis of the various methods for protection of the bioactivity and encapsulation of bioactive both proteins and peptides.…”