Energy and Biocides Storage Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Bridged Bis(triiodoazoles)

He, Chunlin; Zhao, Gang; Hooper, Joseph P.; Shreeve, Jean’ne M.

doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02277

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…M. He, C. Zhao, G. Hooper, J. P. Shreeve, J. M. Inorg. Chem.2017561354713552 . The energy and biocidal properties of iodine-rich compounds were well balanced by the combination of an energetic bridge group and an iodine-rich aromatic moiety and maintaining iodine content in the range of 67–78%. 1,3,5-Triiodo-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TITNB) from benzene: Balancing performance and high thermal stability of functional energetic materialsZhaoG.HeC.KumarD.HooperJ.…”

Section: Key Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Key Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A series of triiodopyrazoles or triiodoimidazoles were linked by 2-nitrazapropane, 2,4-nitrazapentane, 2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triazaheptane, or 2,2-dinitropropane moieties to give hexaiodo-containing compounds 80 – 87 (Scheme ). The energy of the new compound was higher than that of the triiodoazole before bridging. For example, the detonation velocity of compound 81 is 4321 m·s –1 ; the detonation pressure is 12.4 GPa, and the iodine content is maintained at 72.4% while its impact sensitivity is 10 J.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Oxygen-containing Iodine-rich Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

Chang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Acc. Chem. Res.

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Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations CONSPECTUS: For a very long time, frequent occurrences of biocrises have wreaked havoc on human beings, animals, and the environment. As a result, it is necessary to develop biocidal agents to destroy or neutralize active agents by releasing large amounts of strong biocides which are obtained upon detonation. Iodine is an efficient biocidal agent for bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, spores, and protozoan parasites, and it is the sole element in the periodic table that can destroy microbes without contaminating the environment. Based on chemical biology, the mechanism of iodine as a bactericide may arise from oxidation and iodination reactions of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. However, because of the high vapor pressure causing elemental iodine to sublime readily at room temperature, it is inconvenient to use this material in its normal solid state directly as a biocidal agent under ambient conditions. Iodine-rich compounds where iodine is firmly bonded in molecules as a C−I or I−O moiety have been observed to be among the most promising energetic biocidal compounds. Gaseous products comprised of large amounts of iodine or iodine-containing components as strong biocides are released in the decomposition or explosion of iodine-rich compounds. Because of the detonation pressure, the iodine species are distributed over a large area greatly improving the efficacy of the system and requiring considerably less effort compared to traditional biocidal methods. The commercially available tetraiodomethane and tetraiodoethene, which possess superb iodine content also have the disadvantages of volatility, light sensitivity, and chemically reactivity, and therefore, are not suitable for use directly as biocidal agents. It is absolutely critical to synthesize new iodine-rich compounds with good thermal and chemical stabilities.In this Account, we describe our strategies for the syntheses of energetic iodine-rich compounds while maintaining the maximum iodine content with concomitant stability and routes for the synthesis of oxygen-containing iodine-rich compounds to improve the oxygen balance and achieve both high-energy and high-iodine content. In the other work, which involves cocrystals, iodinecontaining polymers were also summarized. It is hoped that this Account will provide guidelines for the design and syntheses of new iodine-rich compounds and a route for the development of inexpensive, more efficient, and safer iodine-rich antibiological warfare agents of the future.

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Section: Key Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Key Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Oxygen-containing Iodine-rich Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

Chang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Acc. Chem. Res.

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“…Further work was focused on improving the detonation performance of iodine-rich compounds by introducing energetic groups which resulted in the second-generation of agent defeat weapons. The introduction of nitro, nitramine, or tetrazole groups was a successful strategy such as seen in ( e ) and ( f ) [( e ) P = 15.20 GPa: D v = 5555 m/s; ( f ) P = 9.50 GPa: D v = 3767 m/s]. , Additionally, the combination of an iodine-rich cation with IO 3 – , IO 4 – , or I 3 O 8 – as anion in a prospective biocide to ensure a high iodine content and improve the oxygen balance as well was attempted. For example, ( d ) has a good detonation performance ( P = 13.80: GPa: D v = 4558 m/s) and oxygen balance .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Biohazards: A High Performance Energetic Polycyclized Iodine-Containing Biocide

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2018

Inorg. Chem.

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Biohazards and chemical hazards as well as radioactive hazards have always been a threat to human health. The search for solutions to these problems is an ongoing worldwide effort. In order to control biohazards by chemical methods, a synthetically useful fused tricyclic iodine-rich compound, 2,6-diiodo-3,5-dinitro-4,9-dihydrodipyrazolo [1,5- a:5',1'- d][1,3,5]triazine (5), with good detonation performance was synthesized, characterized, and its properties determined. This compound which acts as an agent defeat weapon has been shown to destroy certain microorganisms effectively by releasing iodine after undergoing decomposition or combustion. The small iodine residues remaining will not be deleterious to human life after 1 month.

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“…Methods to neutralize these materials through application of intense heat pulses are in some cases though to be insufficient, and methods that combine both heat and a chemical effect are under serious consideration. One such chemical effect is through the use of iodine as a biocidal remnant produced following the thermal pulse [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Another possible application of these iodized energetic materials is served as an efficient iodine supply system for a Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL) system [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition and Combustion Characterization of Ca(IO₃)₂‐based Pyrotechnic Composites with B, Al, and Ti

Wang

Kline

Rehwoldt

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This paper studies the reactive behavior of calcium iodate with Al, B and Ti fuel particles as a thermal and iodine release source for neutralization of biological materials that might be employed in weapons. Two different calcium iodate particle length scales (micron and submicron) with different fuel/oxidizer ratios were used to prepare the iodized nanopyrolants. The optimal ratio was found to be the one with equivalence ratio of 2.0 for all the three fuels. The reactivity of the pyrolants can be enhanced by dehydrating the Ca(IO3)2 or replacing the micron oxidizer particles with submicron particles. The thermal decomposition process of the pyrolants was investigated at low and high heating rate. The results show that B, Al and Ti nanoparticles can promote the decomposition of Ca(IO3)2, but the Ti nanoparticles are the most efficient, which lower temperature of the oxygen/iodine release from ∼660 °C to ∼400 °C. Thus, Ti/Ca(IO3)2 has the lowest ignition temperature of ∼400 °C. The various calcium iodate‐based pyrolants were shown to have a wide range of reactivity (1–4 orders of magnitude) and burn times (1–3 orders of magnitude), high flame temperature (1850–2800 K) and iodine loading capacity (∼20–60 wt.‐% of iodine), which makes it a promising class of biocidal energetic materials.

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Energy and Biocides Storage Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Bridged Bis(triiodoazoles)

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

Control of Biohazards: A High Performance Energetic Polycyclized Iodine-Containing Biocide

Ignition and Combustion Characterization of Ca(IO₃)₂‐based Pyrotechnic Composites with B, Al, and Ti

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Energy and Biocides Storage Compounds: Synthesis and Characterization of Energetic Bridged Bis(triiodoazoles)

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents

Control of Biohazards: A High Performance Energetic Polycyclized Iodine-Containing Biocide

Ignition and Combustion Characterization of Ca(IO3)2‐based Pyrotechnic Composites with B, Al, and Ti

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Ignition and Combustion Characterization of Ca(IO₃)₂‐based Pyrotechnic Composites with B, Al, and Ti