Energy Dispersion for Quantitative X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis.

Birks, L. S.; Labrie, R.; Criss, J. W.

doi:10.1021/ac60238a008

Cited by 16 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The term “ Energy-Dispersive XRF ” has its origin probably in the mid-1950s with the advent of (vacuum-tube-based) multichannel analyzers in combination with gas-filled proportional counters; in 1954 an 8-channel “X-ray Quantometer” was presented at Pittcon (Kemp and Andermann, 1956; Kemp et al , 1955; Lüscher, 1955). Applications by employing a 400 channel MCA and gas proportional counters were described by Birks and Batt (1963) showing Fe–Cr–Ni spectra with a resolution of around 1200 eV; an improved version (but with same energy resolution, Figure 4) for excitation by secondary targets followed 3 years later (Birks et al , 1966). Even for the difficulties with the deconvolution of overlapping peaks arising from the relatively poor energy resolution the technology was seen as advantageous in terms of speed and higher sample throughput.…”

Section: Semiconductor Detectors and Related Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electronic age: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and other modern techniques to the present and beyond

Mantler

2014

Powder Diffr.

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This paper summarizes an oral presentation of the same title presented at the occasion of recognizing the “The 100th Anniversary of X-ray Spectroscopy” at DXC 2013. It gives an overview of the development in electronics with focus on (mainly) energy-dispersive X-ray detectors and related data processing. Naturally this has its origin in the early transistors and the first semiconductor junction detectors of the late 1940s. It was followed by refinement of semiconductor detector technology in general and particularly by the invention of Li-drifting and employment of low-noise field effect transistors until such devices matured sufficiently to be marketed by the late 1960s. Further improvement followed in resolution, speed, operability at room temperature, and development of junction arrays with imaging capabilities. An important aspect is the development of related software requiring affordable laboratory computers, programming languages, and databases of fundamental parameters. Today x-ray fluorescence analysis (and not only the energy-dispersive variant) is widely employed as an analytical tool for the traditional technical and industrial applications but notably also, at an expanding rate as well as variety, in other fields including environmental, medical, archaeological, space, arts, and many more.

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Section: Semiconductor Detectors and Related Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electronic age: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and other modern techniques to the present and beyond

Mantler

2014

Powder Diffr.

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“…New techniques being investigated are the direct electron excitation of samples (405, 501, 538), a portable x-ray instrument using radio-isotope sources (266), and the use of energy dispersion rather then wavelength dispersion for the determination of major constituents in stainless steels (43).…”

Section: Matrix and Interelement Effects Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferrous metallurgy

Pásztor¹,

Hines²

1967

Anal. Chem.

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HIS REPORT reviews the advances in T ferrous metallurgical analysis from October 1964 to December 1966. As in the past (58), it draws extensively from abstracts and is not intended to be a complete compilation of the papers published in the field.The increased use of fast steelmaking, processes, vacuum deoxidation, and continuous casting techniques has greatly influenced the need for rapid and automated ferrous nietallurgical analytical methods (14). In addition, stringent requirements on steel composition by steel users have forced the analytical chemist to search not only for rapid, but also for more accurate analytical methods. The majority of methods found in the literature still involve modifications of well established techniques and procedures rather than the introduction of new approaches.Greatest progress was made in the application of atomic absorption spectrometry (502) and neutron activation techniques (335, 557) to the routine analysis of iron, iron ores, slags, and steels, and in the automation and computerization (166) of chemical and instrumental methods.Present steel sampling and sample preparation techniques are generally too sloiv and inadequate for control of the new steelmaking processes and thus present the most apparent restriction to the rapid analytical methods. The realization of this problem was indicated by the relatively large number of papers published on sampling (95,428, 429,480, 605, 51 1 , 520) and on attempts for the direct analysis of molten steel (32,Emission and x-ray spectrometric, atomic absorption spectrophotometric, and other instrumental techniques with various degrees of automation became the most important means for better process and quality control. Chemical routine methods, even the automated ones, decreased in importance except in the field of nonmetallic inclusion isolation where there is a new renaissance in the use of chemical approaches (10,293,381).Schemes were given for the analyses of cast iron (484) and slags (288,417).Differential spectrophotometry (522) , electrochemical methods (380), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (502), gases in metals analysis (42, 214,242,265,364), and standard deviation of methods (132) in connection with steel analysis were reviewed. 158-161, 344, 366, 567). ALUMINUM Volumetric aluminum procedures involved variations of EDTA (156, 257, 331), bromatometric (440), and potentiometric (134) titrations. Xodifications of the 8-hydroxyquinoline (81 , I l Z ) , aluminon (120, 448, 487), eriochrome cyanin R (220, 22$), solochrome cyanine (411)) chrome azurol S (69, 77, 4 Z l ) , and alizarin red S calcium (106) spectrophotometric and of the 8-hydroxyquinoline spectrofluorometric (20300) methods were described. Most pro-cedures involved preliminary separations by mercury cathode (109, 200, +$do), solvent extraction (69, 212, 120, 200,309,411,448), precipitation (goo, 25'7), or ion exchange (509). 135,Aluminum was polarographically determined in stainless steel (4437, ferrotitanium (199)) and ferro-niobium (198). Neutron activation an...

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X‐ray fluorescence analysis at the naval research laboratory

Gilfrich

2001

X-Ray Spectrometry

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In the 50 years that the Naval Research Laboratory has been involved in x‐ray fluorescence analysis, there have been many developments which have made the technique what it is today. Many of the advances owe at least part of their success to the contributions made by the scientists of a specific group. This essay will present one man's opinion of the significant work by members of that group, as related to the impact that x‐ray fluorescence analysis has had on the field of analytical chemistry in general. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Energy Dispersion for Quantitative X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis.

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

The electronic age: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and other modern techniques to the present and beyond

The electronic age: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and other modern techniques to the present and beyond

Ferrous metallurgy

X‐ray fluorescence analysis at the naval research laboratory

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