Energy [R]evolution 2010—a sustainable world energy outlook

Abstract

The Energy [R]evolution 2010 scenario is an update of the Energy [R]evolution scenarios published in 2007 and 2008. It takes up recent trends in global energy demand and production and analyses to which extent this affects chances for achieving climate protection targets. The main target is to reduce global CO 2 emissions to 3.7 Gt/a in 2050, thus limiting global average temperature increase to below 2°C and preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. A ten-region energy system model is used for simulating global energy supply strategies. A review of sector and region specific energy efficiency measures resulted in the specification of a global energy demand scenario incorporating strong energy efficiency measures. The corresponding supply scenario has been developed in an iterative process in close cooperation with stakeholders and regional counterparts from academia, NGOs and the renewable energy industry. The Energy [R]evolution scenario shows that renewable energy can provide more than 80% of the world's energy needs by 2050. Developing countries can virtually stabilise their CO 2 emissions by 2025 and reduce afterwards, whilst at the same time increasing energy consumption due to economic growth. OECD countries will be able to reduce their emissions by up to 90% by 2050. However, without a comprehensive energy efficiency implementation strategy across all sectors, the renewable energy development alone will not be enough to make these drastic emissions cuts.

A Review of Factors Influencing the Cost Development of Electricity Generation Technologies

“…Consequently, the share of electricity in final energy demand has steadily grown over the past decades [3]. This trend is expected to continue in future decades as climate change mitigation strategies involve replacing fossil fuels with electricity in end-use applications [4][5][6]. Ensuring the sufficient provision of electricity generated by environmentally and socially acceptable means will therefore continue to be an important objective for policymakers around the world.…”

Hydropower in the Context of Sustainable Energy Supply: A Review of Technologies and Challenges

“…The lifecycle emissions from renewable energy are mainly from the process of component manufacturing and system installation of renewable energy generation plants. Renewable energy is defined as any form of energy from solar, geophysical, or biological sources that is replenished by natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use [20]; therefore, it can play a key role in ensuring national energy security. Renewable energy sources have the potential to provide energy to meet or exceed the global energy requirements [21].…”

Multilevel Negotiation in Smart Grids for VPP Management of Distributed Resources

“…We conducted our DG penetration evolution studies based on two prior studies, 19,20 and determined the generation prices of the kilowatthour by generation type using another study. 21 We considered one aggregated MV load for each MV/LV transformer.…”