“…More recent studies, indeed, have found that smartphones have become one of the most popular media for informal language learning (Sad et al, 2020;Putrawan & Riad, 2020;Huzairin, Putrawan, & Riadi, 2020;Li et al, 2020;Peng, Jager, & Lowie, 2021;Jurkovič, 2018). As for out-of-class language learning digital tools, researchers have looked into social networking sites (Ismail & Shafie, 2019;Che & Ibrahim 2018), scrutinizing Instagram (Gonulal, 2019) or Facebook (Purnamasari, 2019), mobile instant messaging (Pooley, Midgley, & Farley, 2019), WhatsApp interaction (Akkara et al, 2020), subscription video streaming services (Dizon, 2021), multi-player gaming (Scholz & Schulze, 2017;Vazquez-Calvo, 2020), e-courses (Solotovets, Chigisheva, & Dubover, 2019).…”