Enhanced Ion Chromatographic Speciation of Water-Soluble PM$$_{2.5}$$ to Improve Aerosol Source Apportionment

Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.

doi:10.1007/s41810-017-0002-4

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The column temperature for IC was 25° C. Analytes along with a mixture of two eluents (48% hydroxide solution and 52% deionized water) were passed through the IC column with a 0.4 ml min -1 eluent flow rate and detected using an electrochemical detector. See Chow and Watson (2017) for details.…”

Section: Levoglucosan Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Sengupta¹,

Samburova²,

Bhattarai³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from open biomass-burning (BB) can contribute to chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols and also may cause adverse health effects. The polar fraction of SVOCs constitutes a significant part of BB organic aerosols, and thus it is important to characterize the chemical composition and reactivity of this fraction. In this study, globally and regionally important representative fuels (Alaskan peat, Moscow peat, Pskov peat, Eucalyptus, Malaysian peat, and Malaysian agricultural peat) were burned under controlled conditions using the combustion chamber facility at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Gas- and particulate-phase biomass-burning emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) to mimic 5–7 days of atmospheric aging. Fresh and OFR-aged biomass-burning aerosols were collected on Teflon impregnated glass fiber filters (TIGF) in tandem with XAD resin media for organic compound (OC) speciation. The polar fraction extracted with dichloromethane and acetone was analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for 84 polar organic compounds – including mono and dicarboxylic acids, methoxylated phenols, aromatic acids, anhydrosugars, resin acids, and sterols. For all these compounds, fuel-based emission factors (EFs) were calculated for fresh and OFR-aged samples. The carbon mass of the quantified polar compounds was found to constitute 5 % to 7 % of the total OC mass. High abundance of methoxyphenols (239 mg kg−1 for Pskov peat; 22.6 % of total GC-MS characterized mass) and resin acids (118 mg kg−1 for Pskov peat; 14.5 % of total GC-MS characterized mass) was found in peat burning emissions (smoldering combustion). Concentration of some organic compounds (e.g., tetracosanoic acid) with molecular weight (MW) above 350 g mol−1 decreased after the OFR aging, while abundances of low MW compounds (e.g., hexanoic acid) increased. This indicated a significant extent of fragmentation reactions in the OFR. Methoxyphenols decreased after OFR aging, while a significant increase (3.7 to 8.6 times) in abundance of dicarboxylic acids emission factors (EFs), especially maleic acid (10 to 60 times), was observed. EFs for fresh and ratios from fresh-to-aged BB samples reported in this study can be used to perform source apportionment and predict processes occurring during atmospheric transport.

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Section: Levoglucosan Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Sengupta¹,

Samburova²,

Bhattarai³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…An aliquots (0.5 cm 2 ) of the quartz-fiber filter were submitted for organic, elemental, and brown carbon (OC, EC, and BrC) analyses following the IMPROVE_A thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol (Chow et al, 2007; (Chow and Watson, 2017) and for WSOC by combustion and non-dispersive infrared detection. Citric acid and sodium chloride impregnated cellulose-fiber filters placed behind the Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber filters, respectively, acquired NH3 as NH4 + and nitric acid (HNO3) as volatilized nitrate, respectively, with analysis by ion chromatography.…”

Section: Experimental Setup With Preliminary Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous, PM2.5 Mass, and Speciated Emission Factors from Laboratory Chamber Peat Combustion

Watson¹,

Cao²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Peat fuels representing four biomes of boreal (western Russia and Siberia), temperate (northern Alaska, U.S.A.), subtropical (northern and southern Florida, U.S.A), and tropical (Borneo, Malaysia) regions were burned in a laboratory chamber to determine gas and particle emission factors (EFs). Tests with 25&#8201;% fuel moisture were conducted with predominant smoldering combustion conditions (average modified combustion efficiency [MCE] = 0.82 &#177; 0.08). Average fuel-based EFCO2 (carbon dioxide) are highest (1400 &#177; 38 g kg&#8722;1) and lowest (1073 &#177; 63 g kg&#8722;1) for the Alaskan and Russian peats, respectively. EFCO (carbon monoxide) and EFCH4 (methane) are ~12&#8201;%&#8210;15&#8201;% and ~0.3&#8201;%&#8210;0.9 &#8201;% of EFCO2, in the range of 157&#8210;171 g kg&#8722;1 and 3&#8210;10 g kg&#8722;1, respectively. EFs for nitrogen species are at the same magnitude of EFCH4, with an average of 5.6 &#177; 4.8 and 4.7 &#177; 3.1 g kg&#8722;1 for EFNH3 (ammonia) and EFHCN (hydrogen cyanide); 1.9 &#177; 1.1 g kg&#8722;1 for EFNOx (nitrogen oxides); as well as 2.4 &#177; 1.4 and 2.0 &#177; 0.7 g kg&#8722;1 for EFNOy (reactive nitrogen) and EFN2O (nitrous oxide). An oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was used to simulate atmospheric aging times of ~2 and ~7 days to compare fresh (upstream) and aged (downstream) emissions. Filter-based EFPM2.5 varied by >4-fold (14&#8210;61 g kg&#8722;1) without appreciable changes between fresh and aged emissions. The majority of EFPM2.5 consists of EFOC (organic carbon), with EFOC/EFPM2.5 ratios in the range of 52&#8201;%&#8210;98&#8201;% for fresh emissions, and ~15&#8201;% degradation after aging. Reductions of EFOC (~7&#8210;9 g kg&#8722;1) after aging are most apparent for boreal peats with the largest degradation in organic carbon that evolves at <140 &#176;C, indicating the loss of high vapor pressure semi-volatile organic compounds upon aging. The highest EFLevoglucosan is found for Russian peat (~16 g kg&#8722;1), with ~35&#8201;%&#8210;50&#8201;% degradation after aging. EFs for water-soluble OC (EFWSOC) accounts for ~20&#8201;%&#8210;62&#8201;% of fresh EFOC. The majority (>95&#8201;%) of the total emitted carbon is in the gas phase with 54&#8201;%&#8210;75&#8201;% CO2, followed by 8&#8201;%&#8210;30&#8201;% CO. Nitrogen in the measured species explains 24&#8201;%&#8210;52&#8201;% of the consumed fuel nitrogen with an average of 35 &#177; 11&#8201;%, consistent with past studies that report ~one- to two-thirds of the fuel nitrogen measured in biomass smoke. The majority (>99&#8201;%) of the total emitted nitrogen is in the gas phase, with an average of 16.7&#8201;% fuel N emitted as NH3 and 9.5&#8201;% of fuel N emitted as HCN. N2O and NOy constituted 5.7&#8201;% and 2.9&#8201;% of consumed fuel N. EFs from this study can be used to refine current emissions inventories.

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“…To minimize mass uncertainty due to particle-bound water at high ambient RH, filters were equilibrated in a controlled environment with 21.5 § 1.5 C temperature and 35 § 5% RH for at least 24 h before weighing. Half of the quartz-fiber filters were extracted in distilled-deionized water and analyzed for six water-soluble ions (i.e., chloride [ Chow and Watson 2017). A 0.5 cm 2 punch of the quartz-fiber filter was analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and eight thermal fractions following the IMPROVE_A thermal/optical protocol (Chow et al 2007).…”

Section: Laboratory Analysis and Quality Assurancementioning

confidence: 99%

Hong Kong vehicle emission changes from 2003 to 2015 in the Shing Mun Tunnel

Wang

Chow

et al. 2018

Aerosol Science and Technology

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This study characterized motor vehicle emission rates and compositions in Hong Kong's Shing Mun tunnel (SMT) during 2015 and compared them to similar measurements from the same tunnel in 2003. Average PM 2.5 concentrations in the SMT decreased by »70% from 229.1 § 22.1 mg/m 3 in 2003 to 74.2 § 2.1 mg/m 3 in 2015. Both PM 2.5 and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission factors (EF D ) were reduced by »80% and total non-methane (NMHC) hydrocarbons EF D were reduced by 44%. These reductions are consistent with long-term trends of roadside ambient concentrations and emission inventory estimates, indicating the effectiveness of emission control measures. EF D changes between 2003 and 2015 were not statistically significant for carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH 3 ), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). Tunnel nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations and NO 2 /NO x volume ratios increased, indicating an increased NO 2 fraction in the primary vehicle exhaust emissions. Elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter (OM) were the most abundant PM 2.5 constituents, with EC and OM, respectively, contributing to 51 and 31% of PM 2.5 in 2003, and 35 and 28% of PM 2.5 in 2015. Average EC and OM EF D decreased by »80% from 2003 to 2015. The sulfate EF D decreased to a lesser degree (55%) and its contribution to PM 2.5 increased from 10% in 2003 to 18% in 2015, due to influences from ambient background sulfate concentrations. The contribution of geological materials to PM 2.5 increased from 2% in 2003 to 5% in 2015, signifying the importance of nontailpipe emissions.

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Enhanced Ion Chromatographic Speciation of Water-Soluble PM$$_{2.5}$$ to Improve Aerosol Source Apportionment

Cited by 26 publications

References 65 publications

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Gaseous, PM<sub>2.5</sub> Mass, and Speciated Emission Factors from Laboratory Chamber Peat Combustion

Hong Kong vehicle emission changes from 2003 to 2015 in the Shing Mun Tunnel

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Enhanced Ion Chromatographic Speciation of Water-Soluble PM$$_{2.5}$$ to Improve Aerosol Source Apportionment

Cited by 26 publications

References 65 publications

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Polar semi-volatile organic compounds in biomass burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor

Gaseous, PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; Mass, and Speciated Emission Factors from Laboratory Chamber Peat Combustion

Hong Kong vehicle emission changes from 2003 to 2015 in the Shing Mun Tunnel

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Product

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Gaseous, PM<sub>2.5</sub> Mass, and Speciated Emission Factors from Laboratory Chamber Peat Combustion