“…The SE occurs when electrons are injected from the electrode to dielectric by overcoming an energy barrier, and the PFE is usually dominant at high temperatures due to a thermally activated detrapping process . These two mechanisms can be described by the following equations: J SE and J PFE are the current density of the SE and PFE mechanisms, respectively. where A and B are constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, E is the electric field at the metal/oxide interface, ϕ and E I are the Schottky barrier height and trap ionization energy, respectively, q is the electronic charge, ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, K B is the Boltzmann constant, and K is the optical dielectric permittivity.…”