Enhanced possibilities for analyzing tree structure as provided by an interface between different modelling systems

Dzierzon, Helge; Sievänen, Risto; Kurth, Winfried; Perttunen, Jari; Sloboda, B.

doi:10.14214/sf.510

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Essentially the use of L is based on the similarity of how bracketed L systems and LIGNUM represent the branching structure of trees. Similar conversions between modelling frameworks and tools have been reported, for example, by Ferraro et al (2002) and Dzierzon et al (2003). In fact, already Kurth (1994b) reported convergence between tree models produced by AMAP and the same models expressed in L systems.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Incorporating Lindenmayer systems for architectural development in a functional-structural tree model

Perttunen¹,

Sievänen²

2005

Ecological Modelling

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LIGNUM is a functional-structural tree model that represents coniferous and broad-leaved trees with modelling units corresponding to the real structure of trees. The units are tree segments, axes, branching points and buds. Metabolic processes are explicitly related to the structural units in which they take place. This paper enhances the modelling capabilities of LIGNUM with the possibility to formally describe the architectural development of trees with Lindenmayer systems. This is achieved by presenting an algorithm to convert tree structures generated by Lindenmayer systems to the LIGNUM representation of trees with feedback of results of events or processes from LIGNUM to Lindenmayer system. We then give two example applications that model the development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and the dwarf shrub bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.). Finally we discuss our approach and its consequences for the future development of LIGNUM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Incorporating Lindenmayer systems for architectural development in a functional-structural tree model

Perttunen¹,

Sievänen²

2005

Ecological Modelling

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“…trunks, branches, and small twigs) is larger during the defoliation stage resulting in a decrease of LAI. Current research on Norway spruce eco-physiological processes demonstrates possibility to describe mathematically distribution of the canopy foliage and woody structures (Dzierzon et al, 2003;Kuuluvainen & Sprugel, 1996). Consequently, such simplified structural relations can be incorporated into radiative transfer (RT) models, used for estimation of forest canopy bio-chemical and biophysical parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of woody elements of a Norway spruce canopy on nadir reflectance simulated by the DART model at very high spatial resolution

Malenovský¹,

Martin²,

Homolová³

et al. 2008

Remote Sensing of Environment

107

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A detailed sensitivity analysis investigating the effect of woody elements introduced into the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model on the nadir bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) for a simulated Norway spruce canopy was performed at a very high spatial resolution (modelling resolution 0.2 m, output pixel size 0.4 m). We used such a high resolution to be able to parameterize DART in an appropriate way and subsequently to gain detailed understanding of the influence of woody elements contributing to the radiative transfer within heterogeneous canopies. Three scenarios were studied by modelling the Norway spruce canopy as being composed of i) leaves, ii) leaves, trunks and first order branches, and finally iii) leaves, trunks, first order branches and small woody twigs simulated using mixed cells (i.e. cells approximated as composition of leaves and/or twigs turbid medium, and large woody constituents). The simulation of each scenario was performed for 10 different canopy closures (CC=50–95%, in steps of 5%), 25 leaf area index (LAI=3.0–15.0 m2 m−2, in steps of 0.5 m2 m−2), and in four spectral bands (centred at 559, 671, 727, and 783 nm, with a FWHM of 10 nm). The influence of woody elements was evaluated separately for both, sunlit and shaded parts of the simulated forest canopy, respectively. The DART results were verified by quantifying the simulated nadir BRF of each scenario with measured Airborne Imaging Spectroradiometer (AISA) Eagle data (pixel size of 0.4 m). These imaging spectrometer data were acquired over the same Norway spruce stand that was used to parameterise the DART model. The Norway spruce canopy modelled using the DART model consisted of foliage as well as foliage including robust woody constituents (i.e. trunks and branches). All results showed similar nadir BRF for the simulated wavelengths. The incorporation of small woody parts in DART caused the canopy reflectance to decrease about 4% in the near-infrared (NIR), 2% in the red edge (RE) and less than 1% in the green band. The canopy BRF of the red band increased by about 2%. Subsequently, the sensitivity on accounting for woody elements for two spectral vegetation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the angular vegetation index (AVI), was evaluated. Finally, we conclude on the importance of including woody elements in radiative transfer based approaches and discuss the applicability of the vegetation indices as well as the physically based inversion approaches to retrieve the forest canopy LAI at very high spatial resolution

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“…The ratio (p) was constant across branching orders with link diameters ≥1.5 cm (D min ). Previous studies have also reported that (1) although some descriptions of tree branch scaling have attempted to use a single uniform relationship governing proportions of trees and branches over their entire range of sizes, portions of plants below a certain critical size scaled differently (Bertram, 1989), (2) the average proportionality factor (p) may increase for smaller diameters (Camarero et al 2003;Richardson andzu Dohna 2003, Allen et al 2008) because smaller tree branches scale differently from larger branches (Betram 1989), and (3) several models have been parameterized by seemingly rigid morphogenetic rules, but shoot systems have exhibited a high degree of plasticity in their development (Bertram 1989;William 1997;Dzerzon et al 2003). The D o of Acacia, Gliricidia, and Leucaena, can be described by a constant p across branching orders with link diameter ≥1.5 cm.…”

Section: Functional Branching Properties Of the Shoot Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal analysis of canopy architectures of Acacia angustissima, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena collinsii for estimation of aboveground biomass in a short rotation forest in eastern Zambia

Kaonga¹

2012

Journal of Forestry Research

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A study was conducted at Msekera Regional Agricultural Research Station in eastern Zambia to (1) describe canopy branching properties of Acacia angustissima, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena collinsii in short rotation forests, (2) test the existence of self similarity from repeated iteration of a structural unit in tree canopies, (3) examined intra-specific relationships between functional branching characteristics, and (4) determine whether allometric equations for relating aboveground tree biomass to fractal properties could accurately predict aboveground biomass. Measurements of basal diameter (D 10 ) at 10cm aboveground and total height (H), and aboveground biomass of 27 trees were taken, but only nine trees representative of variability of the stand and the three species were processed for functional branching analyses (FBA) of the shoot systems. For each species, fractal properties of three trees, including fractal dimension (D fract ), bifurcation ratios (p) and proportionality ratios (q) of branching points were assessed. The slope of the linear regression of p on proximal diameter was not significantly different (P < 0.01) from zero and hence the assumption that p is independent of scale, a pre-requisite for use of fractal branching rules to describe a fractal tree canopy, was fulfilled at branching orders with link diameters >1.5 cm. The proportionality ration q for branching patterns of all tree species was constant at all scales. The proportion of q values >0.9 (f q ) was 0.8 for all species. Mean fractal dimension (D fract ) values (1.5−1.7) for all species showed that branching patterns had an increasing magnitude of intricacy. Since D fract values were ≥1.5, branching patterns within species were self similar. Basal diameter (D 10 ), proximal diameter and D fract described most of variations in aboveground biomass, suggesting that allometric equations for relating aboveground tree biomass to fractal properties could accurately predict aboveground biomass. Thus, assessed Acacia, Gliricidia and Leucaena trees were fractals and their branching properties Founadition project: The study was funded by the Gates Cambridge Trust at Cambridge University.The online version is available at

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Enhanced possibilities for analyzing tree structure as provided by an interface between different modelling systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Incorporating Lindenmayer systems for architectural development in a functional-structural tree model

Incorporating Lindenmayer systems for architectural development in a functional-structural tree model

Influence of woody elements of a Norway spruce canopy on nadir reflectance simulated by the DART model at very high spatial resolution

Fractal analysis of canopy architectures of Acacia angustissima, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena collinsii for estimation of aboveground biomass in a short rotation forest in eastern Zambia

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