As
interest in natural biogenic silica nanoparticles (NPs) from
rice husks grows, it is important to know how their preparation (i.e.,
combustion, acid leaching, or alkali extraction) impacts their biocompatibility.
Acid leaching and alkali extraction both generated highly pure silica
NPs (>99.1% SiO2 vs 93.1% with combustion). However,
toxicity
tests with six different human and mouse cell lines found alkali-extracted
silica NPs were the least harmful; for example, the concentration
leading to 50% loss in viability (LC50) was typically around
500, 500–2000, and >2000 mg/L for the combustion, acid-leached,
and alkali-extracted silica NPs, respectively. To mimic the presence
of carbon during calcination (900 °C for 6 h), polyethylene glycol
(PEG) was incorporated in the alkali-extracted silica NPs prior to
this step. This significantly increased their toxicities; that is,
the LC50 dropped to between 500 and 2000 mg/L and was exacerbated
further when calcination was performed at a lower temperature and
time (550 °C for 2 h): LC50 values dropped to between
62.5 to 1000 mg/L. These results show that the biocompatibility of
rice husk-derived silica NPs is negatively affected by the presence
of residual carbon during calcination, but also that it can be significantly
improved via alkali extraction.