Enhancement of plasma illumination characteristics of few-layer graphene-diamond nanorods hybrid

Sankaran, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam; Yeh, Chien-Jui; Drijkoningen, Sien; Pobedinskas, Paulius; Bael, Marlies K. Van; Leou, Keh-Chyang; Lin, I‐Nan; Haenen, Ken

doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aa5378

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The mechanism of the improvement of the plasma illumination properties and EFE in sp 2 -sp 3 nanocarbon systems was investigated thoroughly by Shankaran et al [144][145][146].…”

Section: Detectors and Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review

Vejpravová

2021

Nanomaterials

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Carbon nanomaterials with a different character of the chemical bond—graphene (sp2) and nanodiamond (sp3)—are the building bricks for a new class of all-carbon hybrid nanomaterials, where the two different carbon networks with sp3 and sp2 hybridization coexist, interacting and even transforming into one another. The extraordinary physiochemical properties defined by the unique electronic band structure of the two border nanoallotropes ensure the immense application potential and versatility of these all-carbon nanomaterials. The review summarizes the status quo of sp2 – sp3 nanomaterials, including graphene/graphene-oxide—nanodiamond composites and hybrids, graphene/graphene-oxide—diamond heterojunctions, and other sp2–sp3 nanocarbon hybrids for sensing, electronic, and other emergent applications. Novel sp2–sp3 transitional nanocarbon phases and architectures are also discussed. Furthermore, the two-way sp2 (graphene) to sp3 (diamond surface and nanodiamond) transformations at the nanoscale, essential for innovative fabrication, and stability and chemical reactivity assessment are discussed based on extensive theoretical, computational and experimental studies.

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“…The mechanism of the improvement of the plasma illumination properties and EFE in sp 2 -sp 3 nanocarbon systems was investigated thoroughly by Shankaran et al [144][145][146].…”

Section: Detectors and Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review

Vejpravová

2021

Nanomaterials

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“…Interestingly, the PI performance of the NB-DNWs displays substantial improvements as compared to other materials as cathodes in the microplasma device reported earlier (Table ). − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-Incorporated Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Nanowires for Microplasma Illumination

Sethy

Ficek

Sankaran

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The origin of nitrogen-incorporated boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (NB-NCD) nanowires as a function of substrate temperature (T s ) in H 2 /CH 4 /B 2 H 6 /N 2 reactant gases is systematically addressed. Because of T s , there is a drastic modification in the dimensional structure and microstructure and hence in the several properties of the NB-NCD films. The NB-NCD films grown at low T s (400 °C) contain faceted diamond grains. The morphology changes to nanosized diamond grains for NB-NCD films grown at 550 °C (or 700 °C). Interestingly, the NB-NCD films grown at 850 °C possess one-dimensional nanowirelike morphological grains. These nanowire-like NB-NCD films possess the co-existence of the sp 3 -diamond phase and the sp 2graphitic phase, where diamond nanowires are surrounded by sp 2 -graphitic phases at grain boundaries. The optical emission spectroscopy studies stated that the CN, BH, and C 2 species in the plasma are the main factors for the origin of nanowire-like conducting diamond grains and the materialization of graphitic phases at the grain boundaries. Moreover, conductive atomic force microscopy studies reveal that the NB-NCD films grown at 850 °C show a large number of emission sites from the grains and the grain boundaries. While boron doping improved the electrical conductivity of the NCD grains, the nitrogen incorporation eased the generation of graphitic phases at the grain boundaries that afford conducting channels for the electrons, thus achieving a high electrical conductivity for the NB-NCD films grown at 850 °C. The microplasma devices using these nanowire-like NB-NCD films as cathodes display superior plasma illumination properties with a threshold field of 3300 V/μm and plasma current density of 1.04 mA/cm 2 with a supplied voltage of 520 V and a lifetime stability of 520 min. The outstanding plasma illumination characteristics of these conducting nanowire-like NB-NCD films make them appropriate as cathodes and pave the way for the utilization of these materials in various microplasma device applications.

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“…Furthermore, the PI lifetime stability of the D-ECNW nanostructures was inspected and it was found that the material can withstand more than 8348 s (139 min) under a tested current density of J PI = 1.0 mA cm −2 (at E = 4000 V cm −1 ), which illustrates the high stability of these D-ECNW nanostructures. This performance of the D-ECNW nanostructures is much better than the microplasma devices which use other types of carbon emitters (carbon nanotubes, CNW, and graphene nanowalls) as the cathode, [60][61][62][63] which signifies that the diamond enhances the PI lifetime stability of these CNW.…”

Section: Plasma Illumination Studies Of Diamond-enhanced Carbon Nanowallsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…attain high emission of electrons and so are suitable as a cathode for these microplasma devices. [56][57][58][59] But, these cathode materials experience low lifetime stability [60][61][62][63] because the cathodes in the microplasma devices are subjected to continuous plasma ion bombardment during operation. For that reason, a material owning excellent robustness (long lifetime and reliability) and high secondary electron emission efficiency are necessary for acting as a cathode for these microplasma devices.…”

Section: Plasma Illumination Studies Of Diamond-enhanced Carbon Nanowallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Field Electron Emission and Plasma Illumination from Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Edge‐Rich Diamond‐Enhanced Carbon Nanowalls

Ficek

Dec

Sankaran

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics are achieved in edge‐rich diamond‐enhanced carbon nanowalls (D‐ECNWs) grown in a single‐step chemical vapor deposition process co‐doped with boron and nitrogen. The structure consists of sharp, highly conductive graphene edges supplied by a solid, diamond‐rich bottom. The Raman and transmission electron microscopy studies reveal a hybrid nature of sp3‐diamond and sp2‐graphene in these nanowalls. The ab‐initio calculations were carried out to support the experimental observations of diamond‐graphene hybrid structure. Finally, this hybrid D‐ECNWs is employed as a cathode in an FEE device resulting in a low turn‐on field of 3.1 V µm−1, a large field enhancement factor, a high FEE Je of 2.6 mA cm−2, and long lifetime stability of 438 min. Such an enhancement in the FEE originates from the unique materials combination, resulting in good electron transport from the graphene phases and efficient FEE of electrons from the sharp edges on the nanowalls. The prospective application of these materials is displayed by employing these hybrids as cathodes in a microplasma device ensuing a low threshold voltage of 160 V and high plasma stability of 140 min, which confirms the role of these hybrid structured nanowalls in the enhancement of electron emission.

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Enhancement of plasma illumination characteristics of few-layer graphene-diamond nanorods hybrid

Cited by 22 publications

References 49 publications

Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review

Mixed sp2–sp3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review

Nitrogen-Incorporated Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Nanowires for Microplasma Illumination

Stable Field Electron Emission and Plasma Illumination from Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Edge‐Rich Diamond‐Enhanced Carbon Nanowalls

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