Enhancement of Renal Carcinogenicity by Combined Inhalation and Oral Exposures to Chloroform in Male Rats

Nagano, Kasuke; Kano, Hirokazu; Arito, Heihachiro; Yamamoto, Seigo; Matsushima, Taijiro

doi:10.1080/15287390600630146

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The hazardous nature of CHCl 3 (Nagano et al . ), as well as the possible formation of phosgene and hydrochloric acid during CHCl 3 decomposition, which results in lipid modifications (Schmid et al . ), necessitated this alternative approach.…”

Section: Lipid Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications

2015

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SummaryThe lipid composition of microbial communities can indicate their response to changes in the surrounding environment induced by anthropogenic practices, chemical contamination or climatic conditions. A considerable number of analytical techniques exist for the examination of microbial lipids. This article reviews a selection of methods available for environmental samples as applied for lipid extraction, fractionation, derivatization and quantification. The discussion focuses on the origin of the standard methods, the different modified versions developed for investigation of microbial lipids, as well as the advantages and limitations of each. Current modifications to standard methods show a number of improvements for each of the different steps associated with analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of lipid analysis compared to other popular techniques are clarified. Accordingly, the preferential utilization of signature lipid biomarker analysis in current research is considered. It is clear from recent literature that this technique stays relevant -mainly for the variety of microbial properties that can be determined in a single analysis.

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Section: Lipid Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications

2015

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“…Additionally, the known carcinogenicity of chloroform involves considerable health risk for laboratory personnel (16). Also, chloroform decomposition yields phosgene and hydrochloric acid, inflicting chemical modification of labile lipid species (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics

Matyash

Liebisch

Kurzchalia

et al. 2008

Journal of Lipid Research

2,045

1,559

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Accurate profiling of lipidomes relies upon the quantitative and unbiased recovery of lipid species from analyzed cells, fluids, or tissues and is usually achieved by two-phase extraction with chloroform. We demonstrated that methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) extraction allows faster and cleaner lipid recovery and is well suited for automated shotgun profiling. Because of MTBE's low density, lipid-containing organic phase forms the upper layer during phase separation, which simplifies its collection and minimizes dripping losses. Nonextractable matrix forms a dense pellet at the bottom of the extraction tube and is easily removed by centrifugation. Rigorous testing demonstrated that the MTBE protocol delivers similar or better recoveries of species of most all major lipid classes compared with the "gold-standard" Folch or Bligh and Dyer recipes. Recent developments in mass spectrometric technology enabled the comprehensive characterization of eukaryotic lipidomes, fostering the molecular biology of lipids and metabolism-related disorders (reviewed in Refs. 1-4). Typically, lipidome profiling by mass spectrometry proceeds along LC-MS or shotgun approaches. The former identifies and quantifies lipid species preseparated by normal or reversed-phase chromatography coupled online to a mass spectrometer, which is capable of fast acquisition of MS or MS/MS spectra (5-8). In contrast, in shotgun lipidomics, total lipid extracts are infused directly into a mass spectrometer, and the molecular characterization of lipid species relies either on the accurately determined m/z of precursor ions (9) or on the detection of specific fragment ions or neutral losses in tandem mass spectrometric experiments (1, 9-12).Regardless of the analytical approach used, its success depends on the completeness of the extraction of lipids from corresponding cells, fluids, or tissues. Lipids of all major classes could be recovered via chloroform/methanol extraction, typically according to the Folch, Lees, and Sloane Stanley (13) or Bligh and Dyer (14) recipes (15), in which they are mostly enriched in the chloroform phase.Electrospray mass spectrometry, a major tool for analyzing complex lipidomes, is particularly sensitive towards the quality of lipid extracts. Coextracted components of biological matrix and salts (often, without further definition, termed background) affect both the sensitivity and specificity of lipid analysis. Often, abundant background ions obscure lipid precursors, and their MS/MS spectra are densely populated with "ghost" peaks and abundant chemical noise. Adducts with common background cations (sodium, potassium) and anions (chloride) increase the ambiguity of molecular species assignment and affect the accuracy of quantitative determination.Because of the higher density of chloroform compared with a water/methanol mixture, it forms the lower phase of the two-phase partitioning system. While collecting the chloroform fraction, a glass pipette or a needle of the pipetting robot reaches it through a voluminous layer...

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“…The plasma concentration of 1,4-dioxane [17,18] and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model [19][20][21][22][23] of 1,4-dioxane distribution after exposure by a single route have been described. Importantly, the accumulation of a chemical in target tissues and its consequent toxicity can be enhanced when exposure is by multiple routes [24][25][26][27]. Thus, investigations into the effects of exposure to single chemicals by multiple routes are needed to examine the relevance of this idea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of 1,4-dioxane by combined inhalation plus oral exposure routes in rats

Take

Ohnishi

Yamamoto

et al. 2011

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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1,4-Dioxane is used in large amounts by industry. Human exposure to 1,4-dioxane is via both air and water. Recently we reported that the toxicity of chloroform is enhanced when exposure is by multiple exposure routes rather than a single exposure route. In this study, rats were exposed simultaneously to 1,4-dioxane by two routes, inhalation and oral, and the distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the blood, lung, liver, brain, kidney and abdominal fat of rats were determined. To assess the contribution of each route, unmodified 1,4-dioxane (DX) was administered by inhalation and deuterated 1,4-dioxane (DX-d 8 ) was administered orally, and DX and DX-d 8 were analyzed by mass spectrometer (MS). Exposure by both inhalation and oral administration resulted in DX and DX-d 8 concentrations in the blood and tissues which were higher than when exposure was by either inhalation or oral administration alone. The distribution of 1,4-dioxane in the combined inhalation plus oral administration conformed with its physicochemical properties and the tissue partition coefficients. Our results support the well accepted tenet that when investigating the toxicity of a chemical, the route of exposure is an important consideration, and in addition, our results suggest that when exposure is by multiple routes, exposure by one route may, to some extent, have an affect on exposure by the second route.

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Enhancement of Renal Carcinogenicity by Combined Inhalation and Oral Exposures to Chloroform in Male Rats

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications

Microbial signature lipid biomarker analysis - an approach that is still preferred, even amid various method modifications

Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics

Distribution of 1,4-dioxane by combined inhalation plus oral exposure routes in rats

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