Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS)

Helfrich, S.; McNamara, D. P.; Ramsay, Bruce H.; Baldwin, T.L.; Kasheta, T.

doi:10.1002/hyp.6720

Cited by 325 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Brown and Derksen (2013 found that the increasing trend (reported by Cohen et al 2012a) is only present in a single satellite-based data set, being an artificial one due to an improved snow mapping over the years (Helfrich et al 2007). Brown and Derksen (2013) noted, however, that there is evidence of increasing precipitation and winter snow accumulation over large regions of Russia (Bulygina et al 2009;Borzenkova and Shmakin 2012;Callaghan et al 2011;Park et al 2012), which is consistent with increased air moisture over the Arctic Ocean and Eurasia Cohen et al 2012a).…”

Section: Changes In Terrestrial Snow Packmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review

2014

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The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have been common over mid-latitude land areas since 2005. A review is presented on studies addressing the local and remote effects of the sea ice decline on weather and climate. It is evident that the reduction in sea ice cover has increased the heat flux from the ocean to atmosphere in autumn and early winter. This has locally increased air temperature, moisture, and cloud cover and reduced the static stability in the lower troposphere. Several studies based on observations, atmospheric reanalyses, and model experiments suggest that the sea ice decline, together with increased snow cover in Eurasia, favours circulation patterns resembling the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation. The suggested large-scale pressure patterns include a high over Eurasia, which favours cold winters in Europe and northeastern Eurasia. A high over the western and a low over the eastern North America have also been suggested, favouring advection of Arctic air masses to North America. Mid-latitude winter weather is, however, affected by several other factors, which generate a large inter-annual variability and often mask the effects of sea ice decline. In addition, the small sample of years with a large sea ice loss makes it difficult to distinguish the effects directly attributable to sea ice conditions. Several studies suggest that, with advancing global warming, cold winters in mid-latitude continents will no longer be common during the second half of the twenty-first century. Recent studies have also suggested causal links between the sea ice decline and summer precipitation in Europe, the Mediterranean, and East Asia.

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Section: Changes In Terrestrial Snow Packmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review

2014

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“…In addition, the bright surface features or boundaries between water bodies and land can increase erroneous snow detection. These errors are eliminated using interactive techniques where multiple images were used along with microwave data [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IMS analysts use these multiple sources with different spatial resolution within the interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system to re-gridded to map snow and sea ice extent in 4 km spatial resolution. The analyst begins charting using the map from the previous day, then uses the satellite inputs accordingly [6]. The daily IMS maps replaced weekly maps of snow and sea ice extent drawn by hand since 1966.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This requires the comparison of the snow cover product with ground measurements. In the past, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of IMS snow product [6,11]. This study will explore North American snow coverage through the comparison of IMS snow maps with ground-truth data obtained from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation of NOAA-Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) by Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements over Continental United States

et al. 2012

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Abstract:In this study, daily maps of snow cover distribution and sea ice extent produced by NOAA's interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system (IMS) were validated using in situ snow depth data from observing stations obtained from NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) for calendar years 2006 to 2010. IMS provides daily maps of snow and sea ice extent within the Northern Hemisphere using data from combination of geostationary and polar orbiting satellites in visible, infrared and microwave spectrums. Statistical correspondence between the IMS and in situ point measurements has been evaluated assuming that ground measurements are discrete and continuously distributed over a 4 km IMS snow cover maps. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) land and snow classification data are supplemental datasets used in the further analysis of correspondence between the IMS product and in situ measurements. The comparison of IMS maps with in situ snow observations conducted over a period of four years has demonstrated a good correspondence of the data sets. The daily rate of agreement between the products mostly ranges between 80% and 90% during the Northern Hemisphere through the winter seasons when about a quarter to one third of the territory of OPEN ACCESS Remote Sens. 2012, 4 1135 continental US is covered with snow. Further, better agreement was observed for stations recording higher snow depth. The uncertainties in validation of IMS snow product with stationed NCDC data were discussed.

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“…The NOAA-CDR SAE is computed from the gridded monthly snow cover databases, deriving from the NOAA weekly snow charts for 1966-1999(Robinson, 1993 and the Interactive Multi-Sensor (IMS) daily snow product for 1999 afterwards (Ramsay, 1998;Helfrich et al, 2007). The NOAA CDR SAE monthly time series averaged over NH are obtained from the Rutgers University (http://climate.rutgers.edu/snowcover/).…”

Section: Validation Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessments of the north hemisphere snow cover response to 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming

Wang¹,

Xu²,

Kong³

2017

Preprint

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The 2015 Paris Agreement has initialed a goal to pursue the global-mean temperature below 1.5 C, and well below 2 C above pre-industrial levels. As an important surface hydrology variable, the response of snow under different warming levels has not been well investigated. The community earth system model (CESM) project towards 1.5 °C and 2 °C 10 warming targets, combined with CESM large Ensemble project (CESM-LE) brings an opportunity to address this issue. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of snow cover fraction (SCF) and snow area extent (SAE), and the associated Land Surface Air Temperature (LSAT) over North Hemisphere (NH) based on CESM-LE, CESM 1.5 °C and 2 °C projects, as well as CMIP5 historical, RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 products. Results show that the spatiotemporal variations of those modeled products are grossly consistent with the observation. The projected SAE magnitude change in RCP2.6 is comparable to that 15 in 1.5 C, but lower than that in 2 C. The snow cover differences between 1.5 °C and 2 °C are prominent during the second half of 21 st century. Changes in the LSAT and snow cover for 2071-2100 with respect to 1971-2000 exhibit the inconsistently spatial patterns. The contribution of increase in LSAT on the reduction of snow cover differs across seasons with the greatest in boreal autumn (49-55%) and the lowest in boreal summer (10-16%). The snow cover uncertainties induced by the ensemble variability show time invariant across CESM members, but increase with the warming signal 20 among CMIP5 models. This feature reveals that the model physical parameterization plays a predominant role on the long-term snow simulations, while they are less affect by the climate internal variability.

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Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS)

Cited by 325 publications

References 25 publications

Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review

Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review

Validation of NOAA-Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) by Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements over Continental United States

Assessments of the north hemisphere snow cover response to 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming

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