Enhancing antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite by low electric current-assisted sonic agitation

Abstract

BackgroundThis research focused on the effects of low electric current (μE)-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite on Enterococcus faecalis infected human root dentin.MethodsExtracted human canine roots were instrumented, sterilized, and experimentally contaminated with E. faecalis. After incubation for 21 days, the presence of the biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Roots were randomly divided into seven groups according to decontamination procedures: G1: no treatment; G2: sterile saline; G3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; G4: passive ultrasonic irrigation; G5: EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) agitation (EA); G6: μE agitation; and G7: μE-assisted sonic agitation. Fixed μE amperage and intensities were applied in G6 and G7. Following microbial sampling, bacterial colonies were counted using the direct plating method.ResultsBiofilm was not eradicated in any sample. The μE-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite revealed the lowest cfu values (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences among the passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator and μE agitation alone (p>0.05).ConclusionsBased on available evidence, the following conclusions were drawn: The μE-assisted sonic agitation increased the antibiofilm efficiency of sodium hypochlorite than passive ultrasonic irrigation and EndoActivator. The μE-assisted sonic agitation on 5.25% sodium hypochlorite is not capable to eradicate biofilms at 10mA energy level in 60s.

Use of electromagnetic stimulation on an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm on root canal treated teeth in vitro

“…These differences are likely explained by study methodologies. In the present study, a higher energy level (80 mA) than in the previous study 38 was used, moreover, a higher concentration of NaOCl (6% NaOCl) than in the previous study 38 was also applied. It stands to reason, that with the high potential for shear forces in such straight and wide canals, as well as higher concentrations of NaOCl being used, even a 2-week-old biofilm would be eradicated.…”

“…Other studies have found 2.5% NaOCl incapable of eradicating E. faecalis biofilms with as much as 40 min of contact time 37 . The combination of micro-electric assisted sonic agitation on 5.25% NaOCl was not capable to eradicate 21-day-old E. faecalis biofilms at 10 mA energy level in 60 s 38 . These differences are likely explained by study methodologies.…”

Biofilm in Endodontics: In Vitro Cultivation Possibilities, Sonic-, Ultrasonic- and Laser-Assisted Removal Techniques and Evaluation of the Cleaning Efficacy

“…According to the reviewed articles, potential double origins, lab-adapted strains [ 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] and clinically isolated E. faecalis were noted [ 25 ]. Types of E. faecalis strains which are most widely used by different authors and bacteria origin are shown in Table 1 .…”

Benzimidazole‐based turn‐on fluorescence probe developed for highly specific and ultrasensitive detection of hypochlorite ions in living cells

“…[ 1,2 ] ClO − plays an essential role in various physiological and pathological processes, including preventing infection and destroying pathogens. [ 3–5 ] Therefore, abnormal ClO − concentration levels can lead to oxidative stress, tissue lesion, and many relative risks related to immune deficiency, myocardial injury, nerve damage, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and tumours. [ 6–11 ] Therefore, designing and developing efficient, as well as convenient, monitoring methods that can detect ClO − is significant.…”