Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Praharaj, Ira; Revathy, R.; Bandyopadhyay, Rini; Benny, Blossom; Ko, M.; Liu, Jie; Houpt, Eric R.; Kang, Gagandeep

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0324

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…An early rise in CRP and AGP have been associated with stunting in Zimbabwean infants and, as recently reported, with future stunting in this Pakistani cohort [18, 47]. Furthermore, a recent South Indian study evaluated asymptomatic carriage of enteropathogens in children from two communities to study the effect of the environment on pathogen burden and corresponding changes in inflammatory biomarkers [48]. In comparison to this study, our study had a longitudinal study design for both biological sample collection and anthropometric measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Pathobiome driven gut inflammation in Pakistani children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction

et al. 2019

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Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) is an acquired small intestinal inflammatory condition underlying high rates of stunting in children <5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Children with EED are known to have repeated exposures to enteropathogens and environmental toxins that leads to malabsorptive syndrome. We aimed to characterize association of linear growth faltering with enteropathogen burden and subsequent changes in EED biomarkers. In a longitudinal birth cohort (n = 272), monthly anthropometric measurements (Length for Age Z score- LAZ) of asymptomatic children were obtained up to 18 months. Biological samples were collected at 6 and 9 months for the assessment of biomarkers. A customized TaqMan array card was used to target 40 enteropathogens in fecal samples. Linear regression was applied to study the effect of specific enteropathogen infection on change in linear growth (ΔLAZ). Presence of any pathogen in fecal sample correlated with serum flagellin IgA (6 mo, r = 0.19, p = 0.002), fecal Reg 1b (6 mo, r = 0.16, p = 0.01; 9mo, r = 0.16, p = 0.008) and serum Reg 1b (6 mo, r = 0.26, p<0.0001; 9 mo, r = 0.15, p = 0.008). At 6 months, presence of Campylobacter [β (SE) 7751.2 (2608.5), p = 0.003] and ETEC LT [β (SE) 7089.2 (3015.04), p = 0.019] was associated with increase in MPO. Giardia was associated with increase in Reg1b [β (SE) 72.189 (26.394), p = 0.006] and anti-flic IgA[β (SE) 0.054 (0.021), p = 0.0091]. Multiple enteropathogen infections in early life negatively correlated with ΔLAZ, and simultaneous changes in gut inflammatory and permeability markers. A combination vaccine targeting enteropathogens in early life could help in the prevention of future stunting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Pathobiome driven gut inflammation in Pakistani children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction

et al. 2019

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“…Overall, the samples from Vellore had more pathogen genes detected via real-time PCR and more contigs identified as potential pathogens using metagenomics. In a previous study that used a similar TaqMan array card for detecting enteric pathogen prevalence in young children in Vellore, the most prevalent bacterial pathogens were enteroaggregative E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and Campylobacter species 55 . Similar pathogen profiles were found in our own analysis of surface and wastewater samples in Vellore using real-time PCR.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance In Boston And Vellorementioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of potential pathogens and antibiotic resistance in wastewater and surface water from Boston, USA and Vellore, India using long-read metagenomic sequencing

Voth-Gaeddert

Metilda

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Environmental sampling (wastewater) could be an efficient surveillance strategy to capture global emerging trends in the spread of antibiotic resistance. Long-read DNA sequencing can resolve the genetic context of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and is a promising tool for non-culture-based monitoring of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and ARGs in environmental samples, but has not been rigorously validated against conventional methods. We tested long-read sequencing using the portable Nanopore MinION for surveying pathogens, ARGs, and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in municipal wastewater, hospital wastewater, and surface water collected from Boston, USA and Vellore, India. We compared detection of enteric pathogens by assembly of long reads, with and without short-read polishing, and unassembled raw long reads for ARGs to multiplex real-time PCR. Using real-time PCR as a benchmark, long-read metagenomics was 49% sensitive and 75% specific at pathogen detection in assembled contigs, and 16% sensitive and 100% specific at detecting 28 clinically relevant resistance genes in raw long reads. Short-read polishing did not substantially improve pathogen identification or impact ARG identification in the assembled contigs, demonstrating that short-read polishing is not required, which greatly reduces costs. The high specificity of ARG detection supports portable long-read sequencing as a valuable tool to profile ARGs and antibiotic-resistant pathogens for environmental surveillance programs.

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“…In fact, after healing from typhoid fever 2% -5% of individuals continue to harbor S. Typhi which are excreted episodically in the stool and which can, therefore, be the cause of secondary cases [5]. This asymptomatic carriage is common among children of poor neighborhoods as demonstrated by Praharaj et al in India [10]. In Africa, Le Noc et al found an asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella in 2.6% of primary school children while the prevalence of 39.7% was found in the city of Buea [11] [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Asymptomatic Carriage of Salmonella and Intestinal Parasites in Pupils in Yaounde

Ngome¹,

Toukam²,

Anangmo³

et al. 2021

OJMM

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Background: Feco-oral transmitted diseases (FOTD) remain a public health issue, particularly in developing countries. Data concerning the carriage of Salmonella and intestinal parasites in children are available worldwide but are lacking in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella and intestinal parasites in children of two primary schools in Yaoundé. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from October 2017 to May 2018 in two primary schools (from rural and urban areas) in the 7 th precinct of Yaoundé. Sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical (rectal swab, direct examination of fresh stool and bacteriological culture on Hektoen medium) data were collected. Results: We included 368 (192 boys) pupils from both schools (184 in each school) with a mean age of 8.99 ± 2.21 years. None of the children was infected by Salmonella spp. Intestinal parasite prevalence was 9.80% (6.52% of children from the urban school vs 13.04% from the rural ones). The intestinal parasite prevalence tended to be higher in girls than in boys (11.98% vs. 7.39%). Among intestinal parasites, protozoa were the most widely found. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis were the most prevalent pathogenic intestinal protozoa (11.11% vs. 25% of all positive stool exams). The helminths, less frequent, were represented by Ascaris lumbicoides and Enterobius vermicularis. The factors associated with intestinal parasite carriage were mainly rural school location and age between 11 -13 years. Conclusion: Among children in primary school,

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Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

Pathobiome driven gut inflammation in Pakistani children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction

Pathobiome driven gut inflammation in Pakistani children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction

Surveillance of potential pathogens and antibiotic resistance in wastewater and surface water from Boston, USA and Vellore, India using long-read metagenomic sequencing

Asymptomatic Carriage of Salmonella and Intestinal Parasites in Pupils in Yaounde

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