Entrainment of A Free-Running Human with Bright Light?

Hoban, TM; Rl, Sack; Aj, Lewy; Ls, Miller; Cm, Singer

doi:10.3109/07420528909056941

Cited by 55 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…They ascribed these failures to reduced light sensitivity of the circadian clock. Positive treatment results have been obtained in two case studies in which hypemychthemeral patterns were halted or greatly decelerated with bright light administered immediately upon awakening (Eastman et al, 1988;Hoban et al, 1989).…”

Section: Therapeutic Interventions With Lightmentioning

confidence: 90%

Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report

et al. 1995

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Advanced and delayed sleep phase disorders, and the hypersomnia that can accompany winter depression, have been treated successfully by appropriately timed artificial bright light exposure. Under entrainment to the 24-h day-night cycle, the sleep-wake pattern may assume various phase relationships to the circadian pacemaker, as indexed, for example, by abnormally long or short intervals between the onset of melatonin production or the core body temperature minimum and wake-up time. Advanced and delayed sleep phase syndromes and non-24-h sleep-wake syndrome have been variously ascribed to abnormal intrinsic circadian periodicity, deficiency of the entrainment mechanism, or--most simply--patterns of daily light exposure insufficient for adequate phase resetting. The timing of sleep is influenced by underlying circadian phase, but psychosocial constraints also play a major role. Exposure to light early or late in the subjective night has been used therapeutically to produce corrective phase delays or advances, respectively, in both the sleep pattern and circadian rhythms. Supplemental light exposure in fall and winter can reduce the hypersomnia of winter depression, although the therapeutic effect may be less dependent on timing.

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Section: Therapeutic Interventions With Lightmentioning

confidence: 90%

Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report

et al. 1995

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“…approximately 1500-10 000 lx) can affect circadian t, phase or amplitude (e.g. Wever, Polasek & Wildgruber, 1983;Czeisler et al, 1986Czeisler et al, , 1989Hoban et al, 1989;Wever, 1989;Minors, Waterhouse & Wirz-Justice, 1991 ;Jewett, Kronauer & Czeisler, 1991Honma et al, 1995 ;Czeisler, 1995), and dose-response studies have revealed phase resetting effects of light at typical indoor intensities (e.g. 180 lx ; Boivin et al, 1996).…”

Section: Social Zeitgebers In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

2004

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While light is considered the dominant stimulus for entraining (synchronizing) mammalian circadian rhythms to local environmental time, social stimuli are also widely cited as 'zeitgebers' (time-cues). This review critically assesses the evidence for social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms, and possible mechanisms of action. Social stimuli may affect circadian behavioural programmes by regulating the phase and period of circadian clocks (i.e. a zeitgeber action, either direct or by conditioning to photic zeitgebers), by influencing daily patterns of light exposure or modulating light input to the clock, or by associative learning processes that utilize circadian time as a discriminative or conditioned stimulus. There is good evidence that social stimuli can act as zeitgebers. In several species maternal signals are the primary zeitgeber in utero and prior to weaning. Adults of some species can also be phase shifted or entrained by single or periodic social interactions, but these effects are often weak, and appear to be mediated by social stimulation of arousal. There is no strong evidence yet for sensory-specific nonphotic inputs to the clock. The circadian phase-dependence of clock resetting to social stimuli or arousal (the 'nonphotic' phase response curve, PRC), where known, is distinct from that to light and similar in diurnal and nocturnal animals. There is some evidence that induction of arousal can modulate light input to the clock, but no studies yet of whether social stimuli can shift the clock by conditioning to photic cues, or be incorporated into the circadian programme by associative learning. In humans, social zeitgebers appear weak by comparison with light. In temporal isolation or under weak light-dark cycles, humans may ignore social cues and free-run independently, although cases of mutual synchrony among two or more group-housed individuals have been reported. Social cues may affect circadian timing by controlling sleep-wake states, but the phase of entrainment observed to fixed sleep-wake schedules in dim light is consistent with photic mediation (scheduled variations in behavioural state necessarily create daily light-dark cycles unless subjects are housed in constant dark or have no eyes). By contrast, discrete exercise sessions can induce phase shifts consistent with the nonphotic PRC observed in animal studies. The best evidence for social entrainment in humans is from a few totally blind subjects who synchronize to the 24 h day, or to near-24 h sleep-wake schedules under laboratory conditions. However, the critical entraining stimuli have not yet been identified, and there are no reported cases yet of social entrainment in bilaterally enucleated blind subjects. The role of social zeitgebers in mammalian behavioural ecology, their mechanisms of action, and their utility for manipulating circadian rhythms in humans, remains to be more fully elaborated.

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“…The previous Practice Parameters recommended this treatment at an OPTION level (for sighted individuals), based on 5 case series/reports, [112][113][114][115][116] all composed of 1-2 subjects. The small numbers of study participants prevented inclusion for the present report, and no studies have been published subsequently.…”

Section: Light Therapy For Patients With N24swdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015

Auger

Burgess

Emens

et al. 2015

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

349

201

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A systematic literature review and meta-analyses (where appropriate) were performed and the GRADE approach was used to update the previous American Academy of Sleep Medicine Practice Parameters on the treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Available data allowed for positive endorsement (at a second-tier degree of confi dence) of strategically timed melatonin (for the treatment of DSWPD, blind adults with N24SWD, and children/ adolescents with ISWRD and comorbid neurological disorders), and light therapy with or without accompanying behavioral interventions (adults with ASWPD, children/adolescents with DSWPD, and elderly with dementia). Recommendations against the use of melatonin and discrete sleep-promoting medications are provided for demented elderly patients, at a second-and fi rst-tier degree of confi dence, respectively. No recommendations were provided for remaining treatments/ populations, due to either insuffi cient or absent data. Areas where further research is needed are discussed.

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Entrainment of A Free-Running Human with Bright Light?

Cited by 55 publications

References 32 publications

Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report

Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

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