Entrainment of the Circadian Activity Rhythm to the Light-Dark Cycle Can Be Altered by a Short-Acting Benzodiazepine, Triazolam

Turek, Fred W.; Losee-Olson, Susan

doi:10.1177/074873048700200401

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This result is notable in demonstrating that a socio-sexual stimulus can be of sufficient strength to modify the phase angle of entrainment to LD, and such adjustments may provide a competitive advantage in acquiring a mate. However, the effect appeared to be dependent on the expression of wheel running during exposure to the female and, again, much larger effects have been reported when running was stimulated by confinement to a novel running wheel or by a triazolam injection (Turek & Losee-Olson, 1987;Mrosovsky & Janik, 1993 ;Sinclair & Mistlberger, 1997). Moreover, in a LD re-entrainment paradigm, hamsters confined to a novel wheel during the first hour of darkness following an 8 h advance of the LD cycle showed a greatly accelerated rate of re-entrainment, whereas hamsters provided with an oestrous female and permitted to mate rather than run did not .…”

Section: Social Zeitgebers In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

2004

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While light is considered the dominant stimulus for entraining (synchronizing) mammalian circadian rhythms to local environmental time, social stimuli are also widely cited as 'zeitgebers' (time-cues). This review critically assesses the evidence for social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms, and possible mechanisms of action. Social stimuli may affect circadian behavioural programmes by regulating the phase and period of circadian clocks (i.e. a zeitgeber action, either direct or by conditioning to photic zeitgebers), by influencing daily patterns of light exposure or modulating light input to the clock, or by associative learning processes that utilize circadian time as a discriminative or conditioned stimulus. There is good evidence that social stimuli can act as zeitgebers. In several species maternal signals are the primary zeitgeber in utero and prior to weaning. Adults of some species can also be phase shifted or entrained by single or periodic social interactions, but these effects are often weak, and appear to be mediated by social stimulation of arousal. There is no strong evidence yet for sensory-specific nonphotic inputs to the clock. The circadian phase-dependence of clock resetting to social stimuli or arousal (the 'nonphotic' phase response curve, PRC), where known, is distinct from that to light and similar in diurnal and nocturnal animals. There is some evidence that induction of arousal can modulate light input to the clock, but no studies yet of whether social stimuli can shift the clock by conditioning to photic cues, or be incorporated into the circadian programme by associative learning. In humans, social zeitgebers appear weak by comparison with light. In temporal isolation or under weak light-dark cycles, humans may ignore social cues and free-run independently, although cases of mutual synchrony among two or more group-housed individuals have been reported. Social cues may affect circadian timing by controlling sleep-wake states, but the phase of entrainment observed to fixed sleep-wake schedules in dim light is consistent with photic mediation (scheduled variations in behavioural state necessarily create daily light-dark cycles unless subjects are housed in constant dark or have no eyes). By contrast, discrete exercise sessions can induce phase shifts consistent with the nonphotic PRC observed in animal studies. The best evidence for social entrainment in humans is from a few totally blind subjects who synchronize to the 24 h day, or to near-24 h sleep-wake schedules under laboratory conditions. However, the critical entraining stimuli have not yet been identified, and there are no reported cases yet of social entrainment in bilaterally enucleated blind subjects. The role of social zeitgebers in mammalian behavioural ecology, their mechanisms of action, and their utility for manipulating circadian rhythms in humans, remains to be more fully elaborated.

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Section: Social Zeitgebers In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

2004

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“…Stimuli having NPY-type PRCs include benzodiazepine injection (Turek and Losee-Olson, 1987;Turek, 1989;Van Reeth and Turek, 1989;Wickland and Turek, 1991;Biello et al, 1991;Meyer et al, 1993) and access to a novel wheel (NW) (Reebs and Mrosovsky, 1989;Janik and Mrosovsky, 1993), among others. NW access induces FOS protein in the nuclei of NPYimmunoreactive cells in the IGL (Janik et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Destruction of Serotonergic Neurons in the Median Raphe Nucleus Blocks Circadian Rhythm Phase Shifts to Triazolam but Not to Novel Wheel Access

Meyer-Bernstein

Morin

1998

J Biol Rhythms

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Systematic treatment of hamsters with triazolam (TRZ) or novel wheel (NW) access will yield PRCs similar to those for neuropeptide Y. Both TRZ and NW access require an intact intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) to modulate circadian rhythm phase. It is commonly suggested that both stimulus types influence rhythm phase response via a mechanism associated with drug-induced or wheel access-associated locomotion. Furthermore, there have been suggestions that one or both of these stimulus conditions require an intact serotonergic system for modulation of rhythm phase. The present study investigated these issues by making serotonin neuron-specific neurotoxic lesions of the median or dorsal raphe nuclei and evaluating phase response of the hamster circadian locomotor rhythm to TRZ treatment or NW access. The expected effect of TRZ injected at CT 6 h on the average phase advance was virtually eliminated by destruction of serotonin neurons in the median, but not the dorsal, raphe nucleus. No control or lesioned animal engaged in substantial wheel running in response to TRZ. By contrast, all median raphe-lesioned hamsters that engaged in substantial amounts of running when given access to a NW had phase shifts comparable to control or dorsal raphe-lesioned animals. The results demonstrate that serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus contribute to the regulation of rhythm phase response to TRZ and that it is unlikely that these neurons are necessary for phase response to NW access. The data further suggest the presence of separate pathways mediating phase response to the two stimulus conditions. These pathways converge on the IGL, a nucleus afferent to the circadian clock, that is necessary for the expression of phase response to each stimulus type.

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“…Rosekind scha Ètzt, daû Jetlag die Fa Èhigkeit, Entscheidungen zu treffen, was Kommunikation und Geda Èchtnis betrifft, bis zu 70 % reduziert (14). Die Sto Èrung des 24-Stunden-Rhythmus, der Schlafinitiation und anderer Aktivita Èten des Tages-und Nachtrhythmus ist der Auslo Èser fu È r Jetlag (6,17…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Stabilisiertes NADH (ENADAR) verbessert die durch Jetlag reduzierte Hirnleistung

Birkmayer¹,

Kay²,

Viirre³

2002

Wien Med Wochenschr

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Current remedies for jet lag (phototherapy, melatonin, stimulant, and sedative medications) are limited in efficacy and practicality. The efficacy of a stabilized, sublingual form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, ENADAlert, Menuco Corp.) as a countermeasure for jet lag was examined. Because NADH increases cellular production of ATP and facilitates dopamine synthesis, it may counteract the effects of jet lag on cognitive functioning and sleepiness. Thirty-five healthy, employed subjects participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Training and baseline testing were conducted on the West Coast before subjects flew overnight to the East Coast, where they would experience a 3-hour time difference. Upon arrival, individuals were randomly assigned to received either 20 mg of sublingual stabilized NADH (n = 18) or identical placebo tablets (n = 17). All participants completed computer-administered tests (including Cog Screen) to assess changes in cognitive functioning, mood, and sleepiness in the morning and afternoon. Jet lag resulted in increased sleepiness for over half the participants and deterioration of cognitive functioning for approximately one third. The morning following the flight, subjects experienced lapses of attention in addition to disruptions in working memory, divided attention, and visual perceptual speed. Individuals who received NADH performed significantly better on 4 cognitive test measures (P < or = .05) and reported less sleepiness compared with those who received placebo. No adverse effects were observed with NADH treatment. Stabilized NADH significantly reduced jet lag-induced negative cognitive effects and sleepiness, was easily administered, and was found to have no side effects.

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Entrainment of the Circadian Activity Rhythm to the Light-Dark Cycle Can Be Altered by a Short-Acting Benzodiazepine, Triazolam

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies

Destruction of Serotonergic Neurons in the Median Raphe Nucleus Blocks Circadian Rhythm Phase Shifts to Triazolam but Not to Novel Wheel Access

Stabilisiertes NADH (ENADAR) verbessert die durch Jetlag reduzierte Hirnleistung

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