“…Commercial gentrification (Carrión, 2007) is the second key characteristic of the Latin-American variety, as attested to by the literature on how heritage centres are ‘upgraded’ around the shift in commercial land uses from small-scale and local service sectors towards transnational service delivery in tourism, finance, IT and corporate services (Casellas et al, 2012; Delgadillo et al, 2015; Sigler and Wachsmuth, 2015). Commercial gentrification gives rise to particular types of displacement in the Latin American context, notably displacement of the informal workforce (Janoschka et al, 2014; Martí-Costa et al, 2016) and consumption activities involving street vendors, popular markets and indigenous populations (Bromley and Mackie, 2009; Delgadillo, 2016; Hayes, 2018; Swanson, 2007). In most metropolitan centres, the State has driven this commercial gentrification through the touristification of urban heritage (Carrión, 2007; Delgadillo, 2015; Manrique, 2013) in ways similar to cases in southern Europe, where tourism development was seen as an important driver of economic growth (Cócola-Gant, 2018; Mantecón, 2008; Mendes, 2018).…”