Environment and Architectural Stone

Brimblecombe, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_5

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Pollution can also contribute to the increase in b*, since ozone (O 3 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) can react with constituents of the rock, making it more yellowish. 10,11,14 Monitoring of the monuments over these five years and comparison with the colour of freshly sawn sample indicated a relatively pronounced colorimetric variationresults that can be useful for monitoring the natural weathering of monuments and the degree of soiling and biological colonization, and for analysing the efficacy of treatments such as cleaning and the application of waterrepellent and/or consolidating agents.…”

Section: Final Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The colour of the granite that built the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Lama

Dehira

Grossi

et al. 2015

Color Research & Application

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The city of São Paulo, until the 1900s, was restricted to a small central nucleus, also called the Historic Triangle, where there is a concentration of the oldest monuments and buildings of the city. They are built with a number of ornamental stones, but one of these predominates: Itaquera Granite. Currently, it is not quarried, but its exploitation dated from 1888. It was replaced by Gray Mauá Granite after the 1940s, partly because the Itaquera quarry was becoming exhausted and partly due to better technological characteristics of Mauá Granite. There are numerous examples of cultural heritage monuments and buildings made with Itaquera Granite in São Paulo's city. The examples selected for this study are: Saint Anthony's Church, The Girl and the Calf, Nostalgia, the Law School of the University of São Paulo, After the Bath and Amerindian Hunter. The purpose of this article is to characterize Itaquera Granite according to its colorimetric aspects and its colour variation. Colorimetric changes in the stone can be caused by many factors, such as cleaning methods, deposition of atmospheric pollutants, biological colonization, leaching of bronze, dissolution and reprecipitation of mortar, or even by natural causes such as the oxidation or alteration of minerals present in the stone. Measuring the change in colour can be useful for monitoring the development of natural changes, analyzing the effectiveness of treatments, and monitoring the degree of biological colonization in the monuments. In the long run, these data may aid in the treatment and restoration of these monuments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl 41, 241–245, 2016

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Section: Final Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The colour of the granite that built the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Lama

Dehira

Grossi

et al. 2015

Color Research & Application

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“…Another aspect which influences the damage and the spatial distribution is the geographic exposure of the sculpture (see Brimblecombe 2014). The western area is the main weather side in Berlin (see www.de.windfi nder .com).…”

Section: Ultrasonic Tomography 12 Years Latermentioning

confidence: 99%

The marble sculptures of General Bülow and Scharnhorst in Berlin: comparative, non-destructive analysis of the weathering state after 12 years of exposure

Menningen

Siegesmund

Krompholz³

et al. 2020

Environ Earth Sci

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After almost 200 years of exposure, the monuments of General Scharnhorst and Bülow have been analysed by means of ultrasound. Both sculptures are made of Carrara marble, both sculptures have been exposed to the same environmental influences and both sculptures are, based on the results of the ultrasonic measurements, in alarming conditions. This statement can be made because of the data of three different measurement investigations within the last 12 years. In this short exposure time, the already low velocities have been reduced by 16.2% and 14.7%. The very low average velocity of 2.8 km/s for the sculpture of General Bülow and a slightly higher average velocity of 3.2 km/s for the Scharnhorst sculpture indicate that both sculptures are in a poor condition, even though a protective winter shelter has been used since 2004. Comparing tomographic velocity measurements performed in 2006 with the measurements made in 2018 was possible and showed that even areas with a thickness up to 90 cm show alarming low ultrasonic velocities down to 2.6 km/s. Even if the circumstances for both sculptures have been the same, they differ in their weathering state. The careful and transparent documentation of all measurements was in this context the most important aspect for the comparative studies. Irregularities in their weathering behaviour of the two statues can be distinguished, allowing an in-depth analysis of the deterioration of the marble.

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“…Air pollution is known to have an accelerating effect on the weathering of fresh limestone surfaces. In the long term, the air pollution will work together with other deterioration processes, and its effects will have repercussions on the overall behaviour of the limestone surface and building in a polluted environment (Brimblecombe 2003(Brimblecombe , 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the contribution of air pollution to the weathering of limestone heritage in Malta

Grøntoft

Cassar

2020

Environ Earth Sci

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Malta is known for its limestone megalithic temples of which many are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. A variation of this limestone was historically, and until very few years ago, a primary building material in Malta. The temples are subject to various environmental influences which until recently have led to several collapses due in part to serious stone surface and infill loss. As a protection measure, open-sided shelters have been built over three of these temples. This work assesses the degrading influence of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particle matter, sulfur dioxide, and acidity in rain) on the temples, in combination and comparison with the influence of other environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, moisture, sea salt, wind) and in this respect evaluates the potential protective effect of the shelters. The variation in air pollution weathering of limestone exposed outdoor in Malta was calculated by exposure–response functions from the ICP-materials programme and compared with measured values, and its contribution to the deterioration of the temples was evaluated. The difference between urban and rural locations in Malta, in the first year of atmospheric chemical weathering of limestone due to air pollution, was found to be about one micrometer loss of stone surface. This is probably less than the annual variations due to the influence of natural climatic factors, and small compared to the present annual variations in continental Europe. The deposition of sea salt and presence of salts on and in the limestone megaliths and changes in salt-crystallization events due to relative humidity fluctuations, inside and outside the shelters, will account for more of the variations in the first year of weathering of Globigerina limestone than variations in air pollution. The deterioration will also be related to temperature (including condensation events), wind parameters and rainfall, as well as ground water replenished from areas beyond the shelter.

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Environment and Architectural Stone

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

The colour of the granite that built the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The colour of the granite that built the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The marble sculptures of General Bülow and Scharnhorst in Berlin: comparative, non-destructive analysis of the weathering state after 12 years of exposure

An assessment of the contribution of air pollution to the weathering of limestone heritage in Malta

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