Environmental Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction Techniques

Abstract

Miniaturization is a strategy employed in sample preparation that has gained much prominence in recent years due to the need to develop more efficient procedures that consume less solvent and time. The analysis of important families of contaminants, such as pesticides or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s), in liquid samples has traditionally been conducted using conventional techniques, such as liquid–liquid extraction ( LLE ) and solid‐phase extraction ( SPE ). Although SPE uses much less amount of solvent than LLE , the volume can still be significant, making both techniques expensive and environment‐unfriendly procedures. The miniaturization of sample preparation processes has led to a new generation of techniques with improved characteristics. Different solid‐phase microextraction ( SPME ) techniques, including fibers, stir bar sorptive extraction ( SBSE ) and thin‐film microextraction ( TFME ), and automated techniques, such as in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction ( IT ‐ SPME ), have allowed the determination of different families of contaminant compounds, including emerging compounds in complex environmental waters, such as seawater, groundwater, or superficial water. The emerging compounds are relatively unknown compounds that are not covered by the existing regulations; they are frequently detected in different environmental compartments in very low concentrations. For this reason, their analysis requires extraction, purification and preconcentration from the matrix and subsequent separation and detection systems that can measure these concentration levels. In this chapter, we review the most recent applications of microextraction techniques based on solid phase coupled to liquid chromatography ( LC ) for the determination of different emerging contaminants in several water environmental matrices.

Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices

“…Some of these procedures are in automated configurations, on-line SPME, and IT-SPME. Although many of these automated techniques have been normally coupled with gas chromatography (GC), there are also some applications with liquid chromatography (LC) [137,138].…”

Heterostructured cube Au–Ag composites for rapid Raman detection of antibiotic ciprofloxacin

“…Routinely, the assays of detection of CIP include high‐performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, fluorescence (liquid chromatography fluorescence) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry . These methods suffer from long assay duration, complex preprocessing, high demands on instrumentations and skilled operators.…”

Multiresidue analysis of quinolones in water by ultra-high perfomance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using a simple and effective sample treatment

“…For the determination of quinolones in water, chromatographic methods with different detectors have been reported, such as HPLC coupled to fluorescence or diode array detection (DAD) . However, LC coupled to MS is the preferred technique for determination of antibiotics in water due to its high sensitivity and specificity .…”

“…Regarding the sample treatment, SPE with C 18 , polymeric or anion exchange‐based sorbents has been used extensively for determination of quinolones in water . Other treatments have also been proposed, such as SPME , dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) , molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) , or stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) . Most of these methodologies provide good recoveries for quinolone residues, but present as disadvantages that they are time consuming (as off‐line SPE) or not suitable for a high number of analytes, due to their high specificity (as in the case of MIPs) or the different polarity of these compounds, allowing the extraction of a limited number of analytes.…”