Environmental assessment of pesticides under Directive 91/414/EEC

Comparing growth development of Myriophyllum spp. in laboratory and field experiments for ecotoxicological testing

“…Phytotoxicity data are used for the development of water or sediment quality criteria and for the registration of pesticides (Klein et al 1993). Regulatory interests in surface water and wetland protection and sediment quality criteria development result in an increased use of whole rooted plants as test species.…”

Fate of 14C-Labeled Soybean and Corn Pesticides in Tropical Soils of Brazil under Laboratory Conditions

“…However, in some studies such initially bound residues have been remobilized after a subsequent inoculation of the extracted soil with microbes or earthworms (see, e.g., refs 9 and 10), and it has been shown that a portion of these freed residues may still be the unaltered active ingredient (reviewed in ref 11). The formation of high portions of bound residues is therefore seen as an undesirable property of agricultural pesticides, and an upper limit of bound-residue formation (70% of applied pesticide radioactivity within 100 days) was established for registration purposes in the European Community (12).…”

Effects of the insecticide Dursban®4e (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) in outdoor experimental ditches: Responses of ecosystem metabolism

“…The consequences of this for aquatic ecosystems is an important matter of concern in judging the acceptability of the use of pesticides. Ecological risk assessment is based mainly on single‐species tests [1], but model ecosystems have been promoted regularly [2–4]. The response of an ecosystem to toxic chemicals can be analyzed on the basis of structure and function [5], but there is confusion about what is structural and what is functional.…”