“…They can accumulate more lipid, especially in liver and WAT prior to gonad feminization. These feminizing events were reproduced using 17β-estradiol (E2) indicating that the mechanisms operated in the liver through estrogen-dependent signaling pathways (Sun et al, 2020).…”
Section: Metabolic Disruptors That Alter Estrogen Signaling Pathways In a Sex-dimorphic Patternmentioning
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are linked to the worldwide epidemic incidence of metabolic disorders and fatty liver diseases, which affects quality of life and represents a high economic cost to society. Energy homeostasis exhibits strong sexual dimorphic traits, and metabolic organs respond to EDCs depending on sex, such as the liver, which orchestrates both drug elimination and glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, fatty liver diseases show a strong sexual bias, which in part could also originate from sex differences observed in gut microbiota. The aim of this review is to highlight significant differences in endocrine and metabolic aspects of the liver, between males and females throughout development and into adulthood. It is also to illustrate how the male and female liver differently cope with exposure to various EDCs such as bisphenols, phthalates and persistent organic chemicals in order to draw attention to the need to include both sexes in experimental studies.Interesting data come from analyses of the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in males exposed to the mentioned EDCs showing significant correlations with hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic disorders but information on females is lacking or incomplete. As industrialization increases, the list of anthropogenic chemicals to which humans will be exposed will also likely increase. In addition to strengthening existing regulations, encouraging populations to protect themselves and promoting the substitution of harmful chemicals with safe products, innovative strategies based on sex differences in the gut microbiota and in the gut-liver axis could be optimistic outlook.
“…They can accumulate more lipid, especially in liver and WAT prior to gonad feminization. These feminizing events were reproduced using 17β-estradiol (E2) indicating that the mechanisms operated in the liver through estrogen-dependent signaling pathways (Sun et al, 2020).…”
Section: Metabolic Disruptors That Alter Estrogen Signaling Pathways In a Sex-dimorphic Patternmentioning
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are linked to the worldwide epidemic incidence of metabolic disorders and fatty liver diseases, which affects quality of life and represents a high economic cost to society. Energy homeostasis exhibits strong sexual dimorphic traits, and metabolic organs respond to EDCs depending on sex, such as the liver, which orchestrates both drug elimination and glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, fatty liver diseases show a strong sexual bias, which in part could also originate from sex differences observed in gut microbiota. The aim of this review is to highlight significant differences in endocrine and metabolic aspects of the liver, between males and females throughout development and into adulthood. It is also to illustrate how the male and female liver differently cope with exposure to various EDCs such as bisphenols, phthalates and persistent organic chemicals in order to draw attention to the need to include both sexes in experimental studies.Interesting data come from analyses of the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in males exposed to the mentioned EDCs showing significant correlations with hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic disorders but information on females is lacking or incomplete. As industrialization increases, the list of anthropogenic chemicals to which humans will be exposed will also likely increase. In addition to strengthening existing regulations, encouraging populations to protect themselves and promoting the substitution of harmful chemicals with safe products, innovative strategies based on sex differences in the gut microbiota and in the gut-liver axis could be optimistic outlook.
“…Given this, it seems that in addition to environmental factors, anthropogenic processes that influence the quality of the water may also contribute to sex determination. Synthetic oestrogens in the water lead to the feminization of the gonads (Katsu et al ., 2007), and may also induce metabolic feminization in fishes, given that the female seahorse has a higher lipid metabolism than the male (Sun et al ., 2020). Another recent study evaluated the effects of EDCs in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810, and indicated that these substances inhibited the development of the brood pouch in the male and also provoked the feminization of these individuals (Qin et al ., 2020).…”
Intersex has been reported regularly in wild populations of gonochoristic fish. The authors investigated the possible feminization of seahorses in a population of Hippocampus reidi in Brazil, as well as report a case of a brood pouch reduction after reproductive stimuli. The female seahorses of this population showed two kinds of morphological anomalies. The proportion of the animals affected in the study population was consistent and was uncorrelated with the sex ratio. The study indicates the changes in the sexual profile of the individual.
“…The literature was searched between 1 October 2021 and 17 February 2022 in the Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus databases using the following entries: estrogen receptors, diseases, fish, Danio, Medaka, Oryzias, cardiovascular, immunology, cancer, metabolism, estrogens, xenoestrogens, reproduction, Common carp, Sea Bass, Grass Carp, Atlantic salmon, Rainbow trout, Sea bream, Nile tilapia, teleost fish. Figure 1 Presence of selected receptors in tissues of teleost fishes and potential disruptions of related pathways [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Presence of selected receptors in tissues of teleost fishes and potential disruptions of related pathways [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. …”
Estrogen receptors (ERs) play a key role in many biochemical and physiological processes, that are involved in maintaining organism homeostasis. At the most basic level, they can be divided into nuclear estrogen receptors and membrane estrogen receptors that imply their effect in two ways: slower genomic, and faster non-genomic. In these ways, estrogens and xenoestrogens can negatively affect animal health and welfare. Most of the available literature focuses on human and mammalian physiology, and clearly, we can observe a need for further research focusing on complex mutual interactions between different estrogens and xenoestrogens in aquatic animals, primarily fishes. Understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogenic compounds on the ERs in fishes and their negative consequences, may improve efforts in environmental protection of these animals and their environment and benefit society in return. In this review, we have summarized the ER-mediated effects of xenoestrogens and estrogens on teleost fishes metabolism, their carcinogenic potential, immune, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
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