Environmental impacts of improper solid waste management in developing countries: a case study of Rawalpindi City

Ejaz, Naveed; Akhtar, Najma; Nisar, H.; Naeem, Usman

doi:10.2495/sw100351

Cited by 89 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticle through sol-gel method has four basic consecutive processes: Preparation of homogeneous solution, the formation of 'sol' by hydrolysis, the formation of 'gel' by condensation and drying of the formed gel [28]. In this experiment, a homogenous solution of metal salt, CaCl 2 , was produced by dissolving solid CaCO 3 in dilute HCl as shown in Equation (1). Chicken eggshell was used as a precursor for this method.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Nano-Calcium Oxide from Waste Eggshell by Sol-Gel Method

Shiferaw²,

et al. 2019

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The sol-gel technique has many advantages over the other mechanism for synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles such as being simple, cheap and having low temperature and pressure. Utilization of waste materials as a precursor for synthesis makes the whole process cheaper, green and sustainable. Calcium Oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized from eggshell through the sol-gel method. Raw eggshell was dissolved by HCl to form CaCl 2 solution, adding NaOH to the solution dropwise to agitate Ca (OH) 2 gel and finally drying the gel at 900 • C for 1 h. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FTIR and XRD results have clearly depicted the synthesis of calcium oxide from eggshell, which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate. The FE-SEM images of calcium oxide nanoparticles showed that the particles were almost spherical in morphology. The particle size of the nanoparticles was in the range 50 nm-198 nm. Therefore, waste eggshell can be considered as a promising resource of calcium for application of versatile fields.

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Section: Synthesis Of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ever increasing solid waste is now becoming a challenge for a sustainable world. Improper management of those wastes leads to public health and environment related problems [1]. Huge amounts of solid wastes, including municipal, industrial and hazardous wastes, have been generated worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Nano-Calcium Oxide from Waste Eggshell by Sol-Gel Method

Shiferaw²,

et al. 2019

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“…It is clear to see that about 78% of the solid waste is managed by burning. Such kind of improper practiceis very common solid waste disposal mechanism in many developing countries around the world [5].…”

Section: Solid Waste Disposal Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misconceptions and Inappropriate Solid Waste Management in Small Towns of Ethiopia: Bule Hora Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Ali¹

2018

Int J Waste Resour

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“…At the same time, the reliance on centralized MSW management architecture has been proven to be inefficient by many scholars based on the experience of other countries. The increasing MSW amounts require the expansion of the waste collection fleets and extension of transportation journeys that contribute to traffic jams (Yukalang et al 2017), local pollution, and road deterioration (Ejaz et al 2010). Increasing MSW amounts also stimulate the deployment of new large disposal and incineration facilities to replace the existing ones whose capacities are being rapidly exceeded (UN 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated decision-support methodology for combined centralized-decentralized waste-to-energy management systems design

Kuznetsova

Cardin

Diao

et al. 2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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The rapid expansion of urban populations and concomitant increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) exert considerable pressure on the conventional centralized MSW management system and are beginning to exceed disposal capacities. To tackle this issue, the conventional centralized MSW management system is more likely to evolve toward a more decentralized system with smaller capacity waste treatment facilities that are integrated at different levels of the urban environment, e.g., buildings, districts, and municipalities. In addition, MSW can become an important urban resource to address the rising energy consumption through waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies capable of generating electricity, heat, and biogas. This shift toward the combined centralizeddecentralized waste-to-energy management system (WtEMS) requires an adapted decisionsupport methodology (DSM) that can assist decision-makers in analyzing MSW generation across large urban territories and designing optimal long-term WtEMS.The proposed integrated DSM for WtEMS planning relies on: i) an MSW segregation and prediction methodology, ii) an optimization methodology for the deployment of multi-level urban waste infrastructure combining centralized and decentralized facilities, and iii) a multicriterion sustainability framework for WtEMS assessment. The proposed DSM was tested on a case study that was located in Singapore. The proposed WtEMS not only reduced the total operational expenses by about 50%, but also increased revenues from electricity recovery by two times in comparison with the conventional MSW management system. It also allowed more optimal land use (capacity-land fragmentation was reduced by 74.8%) and reduced the size of the required transportation fleet by 15.3% in comparison with the conventional MSW system. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was improved by about 18.7%. Sets |T|,t ∈T -Life span period of a WTF [year]|I|,i ∈ I -Number of waste generators [unit] |J|, j ∈ J -Number of candidate sites where decentralized (on-site) and centralized (offsite) treatment facilities can be installed [unit] |A|, a ∈ A -Set of technologies available for the deployment |L|, l∈ L -Possible number of units of each technology that can be deployed at each candidate site [unit] Parameters and variables q i , t -Amount of waste generated at each time step, t, by each waste generator, i [tons of waste/year] k a 0 -Unit transformation capacity of treatment facility [tons of processed waste/day] K a , j -Limitation of land space represented by the maximum number of units of technology, a, to be installed at candidate site, j [units] λ a ,r 0 -Amount of recovered resource per ton of treated waste of technology, a [Amount of recovered energy/material/ton of processed waste] − +, u t ❑ u t ❑-Additional continuous variables to determine the smaller value between the quantity of waste, q i , t , generated at WGS i at time step t is greater than or equal to the system capacity, x j ,l , t , installed at candidate site, j v t -Binary decision ...

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Environmental impacts of improper solid waste management in developing countries: a case study of Rawalpindi City

Cited by 89 publications

References 4 publications

Synthesis of Nano-Calcium Oxide from Waste Eggshell by Sol-Gel Method

Synthesis of Nano-Calcium Oxide from Waste Eggshell by Sol-Gel Method

Misconceptions and Inappropriate Solid Waste Management in Small Towns of Ethiopia: Bule Hora Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Integrated decision-support methodology for combined centralized-decentralized waste-to-energy management systems design

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