Solid waste damps are seriously spoiling the environmental conditions in developing countries. Negative environmental impacts from improper solid waste dumping can be easily observed everywhere in the developing world. In Pakistan, due to a lack of proper planning and funding, the solid waste management scenario is becoming worse day by day. To highlight the main causes of improper solid waste management in developing countries, Rawalpindi city is selected as a case study. This city is facing miserable solid waste management crises due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and insufficient funding. Improper solid waste dumps are spreading different diseases in the study area. It is investigated during the research that due to rapid growth in population, increments in solid waste generation rate, management deficiencies, lack of legislative implementation and funding, the solid waste management systems of Rawalpindi are not working effectively. The major causes for the inefficient municipal solid waste management systems in Rawalpindi are the unintended invasion of the city, severe weather conditions, lack of social awareness/community involvement, improper resources including improper equipment and lack of funds. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

No abstract

Background: Menopause poses a big challenge to the healthy aging of a woman. With growing emphasis on universal health coverage and improving quality of life, it is the need of hour to address the issues population of postmenopausal women to enhance our understanding of women’s experiences during menopause.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability purposive sampling and house-to-house visit in randomly selected villages falling under rural Health Block Kot-Bhalwal. 245 postmenopausal women were interviewed in accordance with pretested questionnaire consisting of Sociodemographic data and Greene Climacteric Scale.Results: Muscle and joint pains was the most common complaint (89.0%), followed by feeling tired or lacking in energy (87.4%), difficulty in sleeping (82.5%) and difficulty in concentrating (80.4%). Nearly three-fourth of the study participants reported to be suffering from Irritability (77.6%), feeling tense/nervous (77.5%), Headaches (76.7%), loss of interest in most things (75.9%), feeling unhappy or depressed (74.29%), sweating at night (73.47%), attacks of anxiety, panic (73.5%), pressure or tightness in head (72.6%), and feeling dizzy or faint (71.8%).Conclusions: A higher prevalence of menopausal symptoms was found. However, more research studies are needed to determine rural urban differences in prevalence and severity of the symptoms using a standardized tool on a larger sample in the community setting.

No abstract

The paper discusses educational constitutional provisions for minorities in India, especially for Muslims. It also portrays the development and contribution of the Madrasah system, particularly in West Bengal, with special reference to efforts made by the West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education to bring Muslim children into the national system of education. Based on a survey administered in some madrasahs, the paper also highlights some aspects of their functioning as well as the problems that they are facing. The authors conclude by arguing that such an initiative could inspire other states in India aiming at providing better access to formal education among marginalized groups.Résumé Cet article présente les protections consenties par la Constitution indienne en matière d'éducation aux minorités, et particulièrement aux musulmans. Il dresse également un portrait du développement et de la contribution du système des madrasahs, notamment dans l'État du West Bengal, en accordant une attention particulière aux efforts faits par le West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education afin de favoriser l'intégration des élèves musulmans au système national d'éducation. En se basant sur une étude quantitative menée dans plus de deux cents madrasahs, l'article illustre également divers aspects de leur fonctionnement ainsi que les problèmes auxquels elles font face. En conclusion, les auteurs font valoir qu'une telle initiative pourrait inspirer d'autres États en Inde qui ont pour objectif de fournir un meilleur accès à l'éducation formelle au sein des groupes marginalisés.