Environmental Load of<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>Oocysts from Cattle Manure in Feedlots from the Central and Western United States

Atwill, Edward R.; Pereira, Maria das Graças C.; Alonso, Laura Herrera; Elmi, Cyrus; Epperson, William B.; Smith, Robert A.; Riggs, W.L.; Carpenter, Linda V.; Dargatz, David A.; Hoar, Bruce R.

doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0099

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4 (Tamura et al 2007) oocysts in their feces. A prevalence of around 1% has also been reported in feedlot cattle in North America (Atwill et al 2006). In Japan, Saeki et al (2000) could only detect C. parvum in one (0.2%) out of 582 adult cattle in Hyogo prefecture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

et al. 2008

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The general perception is that cattle are major reservoirs for Cryptosporidium parvum infections in humans and that C. parvum is a major cause of diarrhea and production loss in cattle. Adult cattle may play an important role as cryptic carrier of the infection. Cryptosporidium spp. in asymptomatic adult dairy cattle from some farms around Osaki area, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, was examined on a field visit during August, 2007, by polymerase chain reaction techniques for detection, genotyping, and subtyping. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the feces of five out of 50 animals. Of the five Cryptosporidium-positive specimens available for molecular analysis, C. parvum was identified in three specimens, Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in one, and Cryptosporidium andersoni in one specimen. Amplification of Cpgp60 from C. andersoni and Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype samples revealed that these samples have light concurrent C. parvum infection. Sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene indicated that all C. parvum samples are IIa subtype. Detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype is geographically unique in Japan. The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in Japan may be much greater than that reported before.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

et al. 2008

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“…Cryptosporidium oocysts are a threat to water supplies because they are resistant to chlorine disinfection, have a low infectious dose, and are excreted by almost all vertebrates (6). Although farm animals and humans have generally been considered major sources of human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface water (1,12,13,17,26), wildlife has been shown to play a significant role in the overall contamination of water with Cryptosporidium spp. through aquatic activities and runoff (5,8,9,11,15,16,19,20).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Wildlife from a New York Watershed

Feng

Alderisio²,

Yang

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

145

153

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To identify the animal sources for Cryptosporidium contamination, we genotyped Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife from the watershed of the New York City drinking water supply, using a small-subunit rRNA genebased PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 541 specimens from 38 species of wildlife were analyzed. One hundred and eleven (20.5%) of the wildlife specimens were PCR positive. Altogether, 21 Cryptosporidium genotypes were found in wildlife samples, 11 of which were previously found in storm runoff in the watershed, and six of these 11 were from storm water genotypes of unknown animal origin. Four new genotypes were found, and the animal hosts for four storm water genotypes were expanded. With the exception of the cervine genotype, most genotypes were found in a limited number of animal species and have no major public health significance.

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Section: Protozoan and Helminthic Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The very low level of infection of mature cows with C. parvum suggests that field practices be developed and used to manage manure and potential runoff for young cattle likely to shed this pathogen. In the western United States, a study involving more than 5200 fecal samples, from 22 sites in seven states, showed that fresh fecal material from feedlot systems contained about 1.3 to 3.6 C. parvum oocysts/g feces, or about 2.8 × 10 4 to 1.4 × 10 5 oocysts/ animal-day (Atwill et al, 2006).Clearly, data are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of various field management practices designed to reduce pathogen loading and transport off-site within largescale animal production areas. Runoff from cattle grazing areas as well as feeding and holding/resting lots may have off-site impacts if appropriate catchment and diversion measures are not available or are incorrectly implemented.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella and Tomatoes

Bartz¹,

Marvasi²,

Teplitski³

2014

The Produce Contamination Problem

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Academic Press is an imprint of ElsevierNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material NoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Printed and bound in the United States PART 3 CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE PRE AND POSTHARVEST CHAPTER 15 Produce Contamination Issues in Mexico and CHAPTER 16 Regulatory Issues in Europe RegardingFresh PART 4 TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCTION OF HUMAN PATHOGENS IN FRESH PRODUCE PrefaceThe premise of the book is that once human pathogen contamination of fresh produce occurs, it is extremely difficult to reduce pathogen levels sufficiently with currently available technologies based on washing with sanitizing agents to assure microbiological safety. Outbreaks since the first edition of this book was published have been attributed to consumption of fresh commodities including but not limited to cantaloupes, mangoes, tomatoes, seed sprouts, and salad greens. Globally extensive research, published in thousands of scientific papers and documents, has focused on the microbiological safety of fresh produce. Disinfection methods whether conventional or based on new innovative technology fail to reduce pathogen loads on produce to levels consistent with product safety.Produce decontamination methods are surprisingly similar in the level of reductions in pathogens they achieve. Methods that are effective, irradiation and high pressure, are either not accepted by a large segment of consumers or not practical for all types of fresh produce. The intrinsic interaction of microbes with plant tissues, internalization, biofilm formation, and association with inaccessible sites contributes to the insufficient reduction in microbial populations to assure product safety. The key to improving the microbial safety of fresh products is the development of wiser strategies to avoid human pathogen contamination of the products rather than focusing on disinfect...

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Environmental Load ofCryptosporidium parvumOocysts from Cattle Manure in Feedlots from the Central and Western United States

Cited by 34 publications

References 43 publications

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan

Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Wildlife from a New York Watershed

Salmonella and Tomatoes

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