Environmental sampling for the detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal

Abstract

Livestock markets are considered vital parts of the agricultural economy, particularly in developing countries where livestock keeping contributes to both food security and economic stability. Animals from diverse sources are moved to markets, they mix while they are there and are subsequently redistributed over wide geographic areas. Consequently, markets provide an opportunity for targeted surveillance for circulating pathogens. This study investigated the use of environmental sampling at a live goat market in Nepal for the detection of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), both of which are endemic. Five visits to the market were carried out between November 2016 and April 2018, with FMDV RNA detected on four visits and PPRV RNA detected on all five visits. Overall, 4.1% of samples (nine out of 217) were positive for FMDV RNA and 60.8% (132 out of 217) were positive for PPRV RNA, though the proportion of positive samples varied amongst visits. These results demonstrate that non‐invasive, environmental sampling methods have the potential to be used to detect circulation of high priority livestock diseases at a live animal market and, hence, to contribute to their surveillance and control.

Inferring transmission routes for foot-and-mouth disease virus within a cattle herd using approximate Bayesian computation

“…Detection via clinical inspection requires veterinarians to attend a suspected infected site and the time taken to confirm presence of FMDV can be variable. Environmental sampling, as proposed by [6, 14, 15], may therefore provide an efficient alternative for sites that are at risk.…”

Development and Evaluation of a Nested PCR for Improved Diagnosis and Genetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme

“…In a previous study, we used the diagnostic RT-PCR using an NP3/NP4 primer pair, to detect the PPRV genome in environmental samples [ 34 ]. Samples with very low C T -values produced products that showed right-sized, albeit weak, DNA bands on the gel, indicating that the detection of a PPRV genome in these samples was feasible, however, it failed when subjected to sequencing, possibly due to the poor quality of the DNA [ 31 ].…”

“…The total RNA was extracted from cell culture grown viruses, infected animal tissues and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood using a TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as previously described [ 30 , 31 ]. In addition, the total RNA from milk samples [ 32 ], ocular and nasal swabs collected from sheep and goats from the field [ 17 , 18 ], nasal swabs and faecal samples from experimentally infected animals [ 33 ] and environmental samples from a goat market in Nepal [ 34 ] were also extracted. For the preparation of a serial dilution of viruses from each lineage, the cell culture grown viruses were diluted 10-fold in a growth media up to 10 −11 and the total RNA was extracted from each dilution.…”

A scoping review of foot‐and‐mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio‐temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings

“…Outbreak risk attributed to presumed contact with wildlife was confirmed in some models, although further investigations are required. this epidemiological linkage (Buckle et al, 2021;Colenutt et al, 2022;Di Nardo et al, 2021;Gunasekara et al, 2021;Munsey et al, 2021).…”

“…Environmental survival of FMDv reportedly varies across seasons due to an interaction between relative humidity (RH) and temperature (Mielke & Garabed, 2020). Furthermore, FMDv is known to survive at different rates on inanimate surfaces and vegetation/food sources as described in experimental settings and field studies (Colenutt et al, 2018(Colenutt et al, , 2022Mielke & Garabed, 2020). At day 50, FMDv survival approaches 0% at 16 • C and 37.5% RH during the dry season compared to ∼90% at 16 • C and 86% RH during the wet season (Mielke & Garabed, 2020).…”