Enzyme-Assisted Release of Antioxidant Peptides from Porphyra dioica Conchocelis

Abstract

The conchocelis life cycle stage of P. dioica represents an unexplored source of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to generate and characterise, for the first time, hydrolysates of conchocelis using a specific combination of proteases (Prolyve® and Flavourzyme®). Hydrolysate molecular mass distribution and free amino acid contents were assessed, and the antioxidant activity was determined using a range of in vitro assays. The protein content and the total amino acid profiles of conchocelis were also studied. Conchocelis contained ~25% of protein (dry weight basis) and had a complete profile of essential amino acids. Direct sequential enzymatic treatment modified the profile of the generated compounds, increasing the amount of low molecular weight peptides (<1 kDa). There was a significant improvement in the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates compared with the control (up to 2.5-fold), indicating their potential as a novel source of antioxidant ingredients.

Cosmeceutical Significance of Seaweed: A Focus on Carbohydrates and Peptides in Skin Applications

“…Alcalase and flavoenzyme In vitro, antioxidant Most antioxidants on the ORAC assay: IC50 (AFIT) = 0.4 µg/mL, IC50 (MKTPITE) = 0.007 mg/mL [392] Sargassum maclurei Pepsin In vivo and in vitro, antihypertensive Systolic blood pressure reduction from 170 to 150 mm Hg at 100 mg/kg bw; 25% endothelin-1 inhibition at 1.5 mg/mL [393] Caulerpa lentillifera Thermolysin In vitro, antihypertensive ACE inhibition. IC50 (FDGIP) = 0.03 mg/mL, IC50 (AIDPVRA) = 0.04 mg/mL [394] Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis α-Chymotrypsin In vitro, antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging, EC50 = 1.51 mg/mL [395] Porphyra dioica Prolyve In vitro, antioxidant ORAC (IC50 = 2.7 mmol TE/g), DPPH (IC50 = 0.2 mmol TE/g), FRAP (IC50 = 0.4 mmol TE/g) [396] Porphyra yezoensis Chemical synthesis In vitro, antitumor Doses ≥ 125 ng/mL induced autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via the mTOR pathway [397] Pyropia columbina Trypsin In vitro, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory DPPH (IC50 = 2.8 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 2.4 mg/mL); upregulation of IL10 at 0.1 mg/mL [398] Palmaria palmata Chymotrypsin In vitro, antioxidant and antihypertensive A < 10 kDa fraction was the most bioactive at ≥0.75 mg/mL [399] Pyropia columbina Fungal protease In vitro, anti-inflammatory Upregulation of IL-10 in murine spenocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes at ≥0.01 mg/mL [400] Table 4. Cont.…”

Seaweed-Derived Proteins and Peptides: Promising Marine Bioactives

“… Pepsin; E:S (1:100), pH 2, 45 °C, 4 h GGSK, ELS In vitro, antidiabetic α-Amylase inhibition. IC 50 (GGSK) = 0.8 mg/mL, IC 50 (ELS)= 0.9 mg/mL [ 54 ] Porphyra dioica Alcalase ® and Flavourzyme ® ; E:S (1:100), 50 °C, pH 7, 4 h DYYLR, AGFY, YLVA, AFIT, MKTPITE, TYIA, LDLW In vitro, antioxidant Most antioxidant on ORAC assay: IC 50 (AFIT) = 0.4 μg/mL, IC 50 (MKTPITE) = 0.007 mg/mL [ 60 ] DYYLR, AGFY, YLVA, TYIA In vitro, antihypertensive Most inhibiting BAPs: IC 50 (TYIA) = 0.04 mg/mL, IC 50 (TYIA) = 0.07 mg/mL [ 60 ] YLVA In vitro, antidiabetic DPP-IV inhibition, IC 50 = 0.2 mg/mL [ 60 ] Prolyve ® ; E:S (1:100), 50 °C, pH 8, 2 h n.a., increased production of <1 kDa peptides In vitro, antioxidant ORAC (IC 50 = 2.7 mmol TE/g), DPPH (IC 50 = 0.2 mmol TE/g), FRAP (IC 50 = 0.4 mmol TE/g) [ 107 ] Neopyropia yezoensis Chemical synthesis IY, MKY, AKTSY, LRY Clinical trial, antihypertensive Blood pression reduction from 157/95 to 142/86 mmHg with 1.8 g/day for 35 days [ 10...…”

“…Seaweed BAPs have also been described to be potent antioxidant molecules at low concentrations and in various antioxidant assays [ 107 ]. This suggests that their use as a functional ingredient in foods or cosmetics could be multivalent, acting as preservers and/or dietary antioxidant compounds.…”