Epidemiological, antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B influenza viruses: Basis for the WHO recommendation on the composition of influenza vaccines for use in the 2009–2010 Northern Hemisphere season

Barr, Ian G.; McCauley, John W.; Cox, Nancy J.; Daniels, Rod S.; Engelhardt, Othmar G.; Fukuda, Keiji; Grohmann, Gary; Hay, Alan J.; Kelso, Anne; Klimov, Alexander; Odagiri, Takato; Smith, Derek J.; Russell, Colin A.; Tashiro, Masato; Webby, Richard J.; Wood, John M.; Ye, Zhiping; Zhang, Wenqing

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.043

Cited by 155 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There, influenza viruses were isolated in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and underwent haemagglutination inhibition testing using post-infection ferret antisera. 22 Antigenic characteristics of the virus isolates were reported to the National Influenza Centre by the CDC's Influenza Division each year. We classified strains as dominant if they accounted for at least 70% of influenza virus isolates during a particular year and as co-dominant if they accounted for at least 40% but less than 70% (< 70%) of isolates.…”

Section: Sample Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated incidence of influenza-virus-associated severe pneumonia in children in El Salvador, 2008–2010

Clara¹,

Armero²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2012

Bull World Health Org

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Section: Sample Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated incidence of influenza-virus-associated severe pneumonia in children in El Salvador, 2008–2010

Clara¹,

Armero²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2012

Bull World Health Org

Self Cite

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“…Vigilant surveillance by public health agencies is required to maximize the match between seasonal vaccine antigens and predominant circulating viruses (10,11). At present, vaccine strainselection decisions are based on antigenic characterization of HA coupled with HA and NA genetic data, also taking into consideration epidemiologic and human serologic data (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, vaccine strainselection decisions are based on antigenic characterization of HA coupled with HA and NA genetic data, also taking into consideration epidemiologic and human serologic data (11). Antigenic cartography using data from HA inhibition (HI) assays provides a tool to visualize and quantitate antigenic relatedness of the HAs of circulating viruses (12) in relation to vaccine viruses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses

Sandbulte

Westgeest²,

Gao³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

220

185

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Seasonal epidemics caused by influenza virus are driven by antigenic changes (drift) in viral surface glycoproteins that allow evasion from preexisting humoral immunity. Antigenic drift is a feature of not only the hemagglutinin (HA), but also of neuraminidase (NA). We have evaluated the antigenic evolution of each protein in H1N1 and H3N2 viruses used in vaccine formulations during the last 15 y by analysis of HA and NA inhibition titers and antigenic cartography. As previously shown for HA, genetic changes in NA did not always lead to an antigenic change. The noncontinuous pattern of NA drift did not correspond closely with HA drift in either subtype. Although NA drift was demonstrated using ferret sera, we show that these changes also impact recognition by NA-inhibiting antibodies in human sera. Remarkably, a single point mutation in the NA of A/Brisbane/59/2007 was primarily responsible for the lack of inhibition by polyclonal antibodies specific for earlier strains. These data underscore the importance of NA inhibition testing to define antigenic drift when there are sequence changes in NA.

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“…This surveillance team, consisting of over 135 National Influenza Centers in 105 countries, extensively characterizes thousands of viral isolates every year (3). The antigenic profile of each viral isolate is determined through hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays using reference sera generated in ferrets.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Hemagglutinin Mutations That Alter both Antigenicity and Receptor Binding Avidity Influence Influenza Virus Antigenic Clustering

Bostick

Sullivan

et al. 2013

J Virol

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The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is the primary measurement used for identifying antigenically novel influenza virus strains. HAI assays measure the amount of reference sera required to prevent virus binding to red blood cells. Receptor binding avidities of viral strains are not usually taken into account when interpreting these assays. Here, we created antigenic maps of human H3N2 viruses that computationally account for variation in viral receptor binding avidities. These new antigenic maps differ qualitatively from conventional antigenic maps based on HAI measurements alone. We experimentally focused on an antigenic cluster associated with a single N145K hemagglutinin (HA) substitution that occurred between 1992 and 1995. Reverse-genetics experiments demonstrated that the N145K HA mutation increases viral receptor binding avidity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that the N145K HA mutation does not prevent antibody binding; rather, viruses possessing this mutation escape antisera in HAI assays simply by attaching to cells more efficiently. Unexpectedly, we found an asymmetric antigenic effect of the N145K HA mutation. Once H3N2 viruses acquired K145, an epitope involving amino acid 145 became antigenically dominant. Antisera raised against an H3N2 strain possessing K145 had reduced reactivity to H3N2 strains possessing N145. Thus, individual mutations in HA can influence antigenic groupings of strains by altering receptor binding avidity and by changing the dominance of antibody responses. Our results indicate that it will be important to account for variation in viral receptor binding avidity when performing antigenic analyses in order to identify genuine antigenic differences among influenza virus variants.

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Epidemiological, antigenic and genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B influenza viruses: Basis for the WHO recommendation on the composition of influenza vaccines for use in the 2009–2010 Northern Hemisphere season

Cited by 155 publications

References 16 publications

Estimated incidence of influenza-virus-associated severe pneumonia in children in El Salvador, 2008–2010

Estimated incidence of influenza-virus-associated severe pneumonia in children in El Salvador, 2008–2010

Discordant antigenic drift of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin in H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses

Single Hemagglutinin Mutations That Alter both Antigenicity and Receptor Binding Avidity Influence Influenza Virus Antigenic Clustering

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